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MT6321 HISTOPATH > U2 LEC: CELL ADAPTATION > Flashcards

U2 LEC: CELL ADAPTATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular responses to persistent sublethal injury, physical, biological, radiation, or chemical.

A

Cellular adaptation

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2
Q

Lethal injury refers to?

A

Necrosis

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3
Q

T/F: Tissue injury is reversible.

A

True

after injury dapat bumalik siya

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4
Q

under Cellular Adaptation

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
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5
Q

Represents cells to normal stimulation by hormones/endogenous chemical substances.

A

Physiologic

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6
Q

Most common physiologic adaptation

A

endometrium of uterus (estrogenic stimulation)

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7
Q

This refers to the cells having the ability to modulate their environment.

A

Pathologic

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8
Q

T/F: Pathologic adaptation can be from a trigger outside the body (e.g. drug).

A

True

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9
Q

The Cell Cycle has checkpoints to check if DNA is identical, otherwise it will?

A
  • repair or;
  • trigger apoptosis
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10
Q

T/F: Ideally, the number of cells produced = the number of cells that die.

A

True

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11
Q

Total number of cells in the body remain?

A

constant

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12
Q

These are continuously dividing cells.

A

Labile cells

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13
Q

Examples of labile cells

A

Epithelial cells lining the skin and gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

Has low level of replication, only proliferates if there is stimulus

A

Stable cell / quiescent levels

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15
Q

Examples of Stable cell or quiescent levels

A

Parenchymal cells of the kidney

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16
Q

What occurs in labile and stable cells?

A

Regeneration

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17
Q

These cells are unable to proliferate, left the cell cycle, and repairs cells when damage occurs.

A

Permanent cells

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18
Q

Examples of permanent cells

A

Neurons

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19
Q

Increase in size due to increased number of component cells

A

Hyperplasia

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20
Q

Hyperplasia

hormonal stimulation

A
  • Estrogen
  • TSH
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21
Q

Hyperplasia

increased functional demand

A
  • Chronic blood loss (bone marrow)
  • Secondary polycythemia
  • LN hyperplasia
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22
Q

Hyperplasia

persistent cell injury

A

callouses (increased epithelial cells)

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23
Q

Other term for Graves Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

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24
Q

What can be observed in Graves Disease?

A

increased thyroid hormone (increased thyrocytes)

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25
Hyperthyroidism autoimmune disorder characterized by?
- diffuse goiter - hyperthyroidism - exophthalmos
26
Hyperthyroidism immune mechanism
IgG antibodies vs. TSH receptor
27
Hyperthyroidism Pathology
- dark red - meaty - tall columnar epithelium with intraluminal papillae
28
Hyperthyroidism Term for negative feedback mechanism
Hypothalamic Pituitary Organ Axis
29
Normal thyroid gland tissue
monolayer of cuboidal epithelium
30
This is the raw ingredient to make thyroid hormone.
Thyroglobulin
31
Nodular Hyperplasia occurs in the?
prostate gland
32
Nodular Hyperplasia proliferation of?
prostatic glands and stroma
33
Nodular Hyperplasia results in?
enlargement of gland with obstruction of urine flow
34
Nodular Hyperplasia Pathogenesis
- unknown - altered normal ratio of testosterone to estrogen (elderly)
35
Nodular Hyperplasia Gross
- nodular - enlarged - rubbery
36
Nodular Hyperplasia Micro
- fibromuscular - glandular hyperplasia
37
This is usually secondary to chronic stimulation by corticotropin.
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia
38
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia Primary hypersecretion of corticotropin by?
pituitary
39
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia Ectopic corticotropic production by?
nonpituitary tumor
40
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia ____ diffuse or nodular hyperplasia of ____ glands
bilateral, adrenal
41
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia Clinical
Cushing syndrome - Obesity - moon facies - osteoporosis - HPN - amenorrhea - virilization Primary aldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)
42
Increase in aldosterone will occur if this zone is affected
zona granulosa
43
This refers to proliferative lesions of the endometrium usually resulting from hyperestrinism.
Endometrial Hyperplasia
44
Endometrial Hyperplasia This refers to high estrogen levels.
hyperestrinism
45
under Endometrial Hyperplasia
- Anovulatory cycles - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Estrogen-producing tumor - Obesity
46
Endometrial Hyperplasia constitutes of morphologic & biologic continuum
Endometrial hyperplasia-carcinoma
47
Appearance of Complex Endometrial Hyperplasia
back to back pattern, seahorse-like (??)
48
T/F: In-situ adenocarcinomas can be detected in ultrasounds.
True
49
Uterine bleeding at irregular intervals
metrorrhagia
50
Excessive bleeding with menstrual periods
menorrhagia
51
Estrogen is what type of hormone?
steroid (cholesterol based)
52
On what day in the ovulatory cycle is LH released?
day 14
53
Term for prolonged bleeding (lasts up to 1 month)
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
54
Increased size of an organ due to increased size of component cells
Hypertrophy
55
Pure hypertrophy without hyperplasia occurs only in the?
- heart - skeletal muscle
56
Hypertrophy Response to increased?
functional demand
57
Hypertrophy What is increased in the nucleus?
RNA & DNA
58
Hypertrophy Increased amount of?
cytoplasm
59
T/F: In hypertrophy, the nucleus of a myocyte does not increase.
False lumalaki bc of increased genetic transcription
60
Hypertrophy This is observed in sports, or endurance activities.
Physiological Myocardial Hypertrophy
61
Hypertrophy This is observed through distorted heart and myocyte shape, and increased fibrosis.
Pathological Myocardial Hypertrophy
62
Hypertrophy Function in Physiological Myocardial Hypertrophy
normal or enhanced function
63
Hypertrophy Pathologic expression patterns of fetal genes such as?
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) - a/B-MHC - SERCA
64
Hypertrophy This gene is produced if the heart stretches.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
65
Causes of Hypertrophy under Increased functional demand
- Muscle hypertrophy (body builder) - Heart muscle hypertrophy (Chronic hemodynamic overload)
66
Causes of Hypertrophy under Hormone induced
physiological enlargement of uterus during pregnancy
67
Causes of Hypertrophy under Compensatory organs
in paired organs (kidneys)
68
Diminution in size due to decrease in size of cells.
Atrophy
69
under Atrophy
- Reduced functional demand (disuse) - inadequate supply of oxygen - lack of trophic hormones - malnutrition - denervation of skeletal muscles
70
Atrophy other term for denervation
upper motor neuron injury
71
under Pathologic atrophy
- Starvation - Ischaemic - Disuse - Neuropathic - Endocrine - Pressure - Idiopathic
72
Atrophy Lack of oxygen or blood supply
Ischaemic
73
Atrophy Other term for denervation atrophy
Neuropathic atrophy
74
Atrophy Unknown cause
Idiopathic atrophy
75
This refers to the protein deposits in the brain which causes the brain parenchyma to shrink.
Amyloid
76
Conversion of one differentiated (mature) cell type into another
Metaplasia
77
under Metaplasia
- Columnar bronchial epithelium into squamous epithelium in smokers - Chronic infection in cervix
78
Metaplasia Chronic infection in cervix
Squamous metaplasia of endocervical glandular epithelium
79
Transformation zone of the Uterine cervix
Squamo-columnar junction
80
The squamo-columnar junction is the site of infection for?
Human Papilloma Virus
81
This refers to abnormal growth and differentiation, variations in size and shape of cells.
Dysplasia
82
under Dysplasia
- Enlargement, irregularity, and hyperchromasia of nuclei - Disorderly arrangement within epithelium
83
Dysplasia This is a stage in the cellular evolution to cancer
preneoplastic lesion

MT6321 HISTOPATH (15 decks)

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