U3 LEC: NEOPLASIA Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Process of new growth
A
Neoplasia
2
Q
A new growth is called a?
A
neoplasm
3
Q
Neoplasm is commonly known as?
A
tumor
4
Q
Study of tumors or neoplasms
A
Oncology
5
Q
common term for all malignant tumors
A
Cancer
6
Q
This refers to abnormal or uncoordinated growths due to lack of stimulus
A
Neoplasia
7
Q
In the cell cycle, it would have a problem with?
A
proapoptotic factors > production of aberrant DNA
8
Q
Tumors remain dependent on host for?
A
nutrition and blood supply
9
Q
Two basic components of tumors
A
- Parenchyma
- Stroma or non-neoplastic stroma
10
Q
made up of transformed or neoplastic cells
A
Parenchyma
11
Q
determines the biologic behavior of the neoplasm, and it is the component from which tumor derives its name
A
Parenchyma
12
Q
made up of connective tissue and blood vessels
A
Stroma
13
Q
carries the blood supply and provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells
A
Stroma
14
Q
Nomenclature of benign tumors
A
-oma to cell type from which the tumor arises
15
Q
Benign tumors are sometimes based on their?
A
microscopic and macroscopic pattern, cells of origin
16
Q
This is applied to benign epithelial neoplasms which produce gland patterns, but do not exhibit gland patterns
A
Adenoma
17
Q
Benign epithelial neoplasms growing any surface, producing finger-like fronds
A
Papilloma
18
Q
Papillomas are mostly induced by?
A
viruses
19
Q
Papillomas are characterized by?
A
finger-like projections
20
Q
Mass that projects above a mucosal surface
A
Polyp
21
Q
These are polypoid masses called as skin tags.
A
Fibroepithelial polyp
22
Q
Polyp can also be used to term non-neoplastic growths in the?
A
colon
23
Q
Hollow cystic masses with fluids inside
A
Cystadenomas
24
Q
Cystadenomas are typically seen in the?
A
ovary
25
filled with mucoid cystadenoma
Mucinous cystadenoma
26
filled with watery fluids na cystadenoma
Serous cystadenoma
27
Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissues
Sarcomas
28
Sarcomas are designed by their?
histogenesis
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Malignant cancer of fibrous tissue origin
Fibrosarcoma
30
Malignant neoplasm composed of chondrocytes
Chondrosarcoma
31
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin derived from three germ layers
Carcinomas
32
Three germ layers
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
- endoderm
33
Examples of mesoderm
renal tubular epithelium
34
Examples of ectoderm
skin epidermis
35
Examples of endoderm
lining epithelium of the gut
36
T/F: Mesoderm may give rise both to carcinomas and sarcomas.
True
but rare
37
Denotes a cancer in which tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
38
Malignant neoplastic epithelial cells grow in glandular patterns
Adenocarcinoma
39
Tumors that grow in a very undifferentiated pattern
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
40
Tumors that may arise from stem cells that undergo divergent differentiation
Mixed Tumors
41
Best example of mixed tumor
salivary gland origin
42
Mixed tumors should not be confused with a?
teratoma
43
Originated from totipotential cells
Teratoma
44
Totipotential cells are normally present in the?
ovary and testis
45
Have the capacity to differentiate into any of the cell types found in the adult body
Totipotential cells
46
Teratoma
all components are well differentiated
Benign (mature) teratoma
47
Teratoma
less differentiated
Malignant (immature) teratoma
48
Tumors of mesenchymal origin (CT derivatives)
Benign
- Fibrinoma
- Lipoma
- Chondroma
- Osteoma
Malignant
- Fibrosarcoma
- Liposarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Osteogenic sarcoma
49
Blood vessels
Benign
- Hemangioma
Malignant
- Angiosarcoma
50
Lymph vessels
Benign
- Lymphangioma
Malignant
- Lymphangiosarcoma
51
Synovium
Synovial sarcoma
52
Mesothelium
Mesothelioma
53
Brain coverings
Benign
- Meningioma
Malignant
- Invasive meningioma
54
Hematopoietic cell
Leukemias
55
Lymphoid tissue
Malignant lymphomas
56
Smooth Muscle
Benign
- Leiomyoma
Malignant
- Leiomyosarcoma
57
Striated muscles
Benign
- Rhabdomyoma
Malignant
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
58
Stratified squamous
Benign
- Squamous cell papilloma
Malignant
- Squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
59
Epithelial linings
Benign
- Adenoma
Malignant
- Adenocarcinoma
60
Glands or ducts
Benign
- Papilloma
- Cystadenoma
Malignant
- Papillary carcinomas
- Cystadenocarcinoma
61
Respiratory passages
- Bronchogenic carcinoma
- Bronchial "adenoma"
62
Neuroectoderm
Benign
- Nevus
Malignant
- Malignant melanoma
63
Renal epithelium
Benign
- Renal tubular adenoma
Malignant
- Renal cell carcinoma
64
Liver cells
Benign
- Liver cell adenoma
Malignant
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
65
Urinary tract epithelium
Benign
- Transitional C. papilloma
Malignant
- Transitional cell carcinoma
66
Placental epithelium
Benign
- Hyatidiform mole
Malignant
- Choriocarcinoma
67
Testicular epithelium
Seminoma
68
Salivary glands
Benign
- Pleomorphic adenoma
Malignant
- Malignant mixed/phyllodes tumor
69
Breast
Fibroadenoma
70
Renal anlage
Wilm's tumor
71
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms
- differentiation and anaplasia
- rate of growth
- local invasion
- metastasis
72
Differentiation
Benign: well differentiated
Malignant: anaplasia, atypical structure
73
Local Invasion
Benign: cohesive and expansile, well demarcated, do not invade tissues
Malignant: locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue
74
Metastasis
Benign: absent
Malignant: frequently present
75
Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells
Differentiation
76
Lack of differentiation
Anaplasia
77
Morphologic changes in Anaplasia
- Pleomorphism
- Abnormal nuclear morphology
- Mitoses
- Loss of polarity
78
Variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei
Pleomorphism
79
abundance of DNA, dark staining, increase in N:C ratio, coarsely clumped chromatin, large nucleoli
Abnormal nuclear morphology
80
Hallmark of malignancy
Anaplasia
81
Reflects high proliferative activity of parenchymal cells
Mitoses
82
Disturbed orientation of cells
Loss of polarity
83
Lesion marked by dysplastic changes involving the entire thickness of the epithelium
Carcinoma in situ
84
Local invasion of benign tumors
remain localized, have fibrous capsule
85
Local invasion of malignant tumors
progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction of surrounding tissue
86
Malignant neoplasms disseminate through the following pathways:
- seeding within body cavities
- lymphatic spread
- hematogenous spread
- local spread
87
Local spread is also known as?
locoregional metastasis
88
Seeding within body cavities is also known as?
Transcoelomic spread
89
Occur when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity
Seeding
90
Carcinoma of the _____ may penetrate the wall of the gut and reimplant at distant sites in peritoneal cavity
colon
91
Typical in carcinomas
Lymphatic spread
92
This depends on the site of primary neoplasm and natural lymphatic pathways of drainage of the site
pattern of lymph node involvement
93
These are the lymph nodes closest to the tumor
Sentinel Lymph Nodes
94
Typical of sarcomas
Hematogenous spread
95
Common sites of metastasis and hematogenous spread
Liver and lungs
96
Chemical carcinogens
- Benzene
- Nitrosamine
- Aflatoxin
97
These induce tumors in initated cells (reversible)
Promoters
98
Benzene causes?
aplastic anemia
99
Nitrosamine can be seen on?
food colorings, fried hotdogs
100
Aflatoxin can be seen in?
expired peanuts
101
Aflatoxin induces?
hepatic adenomas
102
Carcinogenic UV rays
UVA, UVB
103
Cancers under UV rays
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Malignant melanoma
104
Ionizing electromagnetic and particulate radiation
- Xrays
- gamma rays
- a particles
- B particles
- protons
- neutrons
105
Oncogenic viruses
- HPV
- Epstein barr
- Hepa B
- H. pylori
106
This causes squamous papillomas (warts), carcinoma of the cervix
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
107
This causes Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Epstein-Barr virus
108
This causes hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis B
109
This causes gastric carcinoma, and gastric lymphoma
Helicobacter pylori
110
Most common cause of peptic ulcer disease
Helicobacter pylori
111
HPV can also cause?
adenocarcinomas
112
Expansile growth, endocrine gland neoplasm
Local and hormonal effects
113
This is the tumor of adrenal medulla, causes hypertension
Pheochromocytoma
114
Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by weakness, anorexia, and anemia
Cancer cachexia
115
Symptom complexes that cannot be readily explained
Paraneoplastic syndromes
116
Acanthosis Nigricans Maligna
Abdominal adenocarcinomas (gastric neoplasia)
117
Acquired Pachydermatoglyphia
gastric and pulmonary carcinoma
118
Erythema gyratum repens
Pulmonary, esophageal, breast
119
Bazex paraneoplastic acrocheratosis
Aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, esophagus and lungs)
120
Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa
Colorectal, pulmonary and breast
121
Necrolytic migratory erythema
Glucagonoma
122
Leser-Trelat sign
Gastric and colorectal
123
Paraneoplastic pemphigus
- Non-hodgkin lymphoma
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- Castleman's disease
- Thymoma
124
Pityriasis rotunda
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- gastric and esophageal carcinoma
- prostate cancer
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- multiple myeloma
125
Dermatomyositis
Ovarian carcinoma, bronchogenic adenocarcinoma
126
Palmoplantar keratoderma
Esophageal carcinoma
127
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloma, leukemia
128
Sweet syndrome
Acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome
129
Based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells and number of mitoses
Grading
130
Based on size of primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases
Staging
131
Most common systems for staging
TMN classification
132
Based on size and extent of invasion
T score (tumor)
133
Indicates extent of lymph node involvement
N score (node)
134
Indicates whether distant metastases are present
M score (Metastasis)
135
In breast cancer, what is being checked?
size of tumor
136
In colon cancer, what is being checked?
area/extent of invasion
137
Tis
In situ, non-invasive
138
T1
Small, minimally invasive within primary organ site
139
T2
Larger, more invasive within primary organ site
140
T3
Larger, invasive beyond margins of organ site
141
T4
Very large/invasive, spread to adjacent organs
142
N0
No lymph node involvement
143
N1
Regional lymph node involvement
144
N2
Extensive regional lymph node involvement
145
N3
More distant lymph node involvement
146
M0
No distant metastases
147
M1
Distant metastases present
148
Resembling normal cells
Differentiated cells
149
Younger or immature cells
Undifferentiated cells
150
Grade 1
DC: 100-75
UC: 0-25
151
Grade 2
DC: 75-50
UC: 25-50
152
Grade 3
DC: 50-25
UC: 50-75
153
Grade 4
DC: 25-0
UC: 75-100
154
Value of Grading
- guide for treatment
- prognostic guide
155
lower grades
Surgery
156
higher grades
Radiation
157
higher grades, _____ prognosis
poorer
158
Laboratory diagnosis of neoplasia
- Histologic and cytologic
- Immunohistochemistry
- Molecular diagnosis
- Flow cytometry
- Tumor markers
159
Used to determine treatment modality
Immunohistochemistry
160
Used for hematologic neoplasms (leukemia)
Molecular diagnosis
161
Tumor markers include:
- CA125
- CA19-9
- AFP
- Prostatic specific antigen
