Unit 0

Question 1

Confirmation Bias

Answer 1

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 2

Hindsight Bias

Answer 2

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon.

Question 3

Overconfidence

Answer 3

Confirmation Bias+ Hindsight Bias

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.

Question 4

Cultural Norms

Answer 4

a group of shared beliefs, values, expectations, and behaviors that are considered typical for a specific society or culture

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 6

Replication

Answer 6

repeating the essence of a research study, to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances.

Question 7

Peer Review

Answer 7

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.

Question 8

Falsifiable

Answer 8

a scientific hypothesis that can be disproven by an experimental observation or empirical test

Question 9

Sample

Answer 9

a small group of individuals selected from a larger population to be included in a study

Question 10

Population

Answer 10

all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

Question 11

Representative Sample

Answer 11

sample that resembles a population

Question 12

Random Sampling

Answer 12

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 13

Convenience sampling

Answer 13

research sampling strategy that involves selecting participants based on their accessibility and availability to the researcher

Question 14

Generalizability

Answer 14

a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a larger group of people or situations

Question 15

Qualitative research/measure

Answer 15

a method of research that produces descriptive (non-numerical) data, such as observations of behavior or personal accounts of experiences

Question 16

Structured interviews

Answer 16

a research method that uses a predetermined set of questions asked in a specific order to all interviewees

Question 17

Case Study

Answer 17

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Question 18

Naturalistic observation

Answer 18

observing/recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Question 19

Quantitative research/measures

Answer 19

a method of research that uses numerical data to analyze statistical relationships and describe, understand, and predict phenomena

Question 20

Likert Scales

Answer 20

a psychometric tool that’s often used in psychology questionnaires to measure attitudes, behaviors, and personality (ex - a range of responses from strongly agree to strongly disagree)

Question 21

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 21

a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself; a possible challenge to self-report surveys

Question 22

Experimental group

Answer 22

a subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested

Question 23

Random assignment

Answer 23

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance; minimizes effect of possible confounding variables

Question 24

Control group

Answer 24

the group not exposed to the factor or condition being tested; serves to evaluate the effect of the treatment

Question 25

Independent variables (IV)

Answer 25

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Question 26

Confounding variables

Answer 26

in an experiment, a variable, other than the independent variable, that could influence the dependent variable

Question 27

Dependent variables (DV)

Answer 27

the experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the IV

Question 28

Operational definitions

Answer 28

a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables

Question 29

Replication

Answer 29

repeating the essence of a research study, to see whether the basic finding extend to other participants and circumstances

Question 30

Placebo

Answer 30

a harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect

Question 31

Placebo effect:

Answer 31

experimental results caused by expectations alone; effect caused by administration of inert substance/condition

Question 32

Single-blind study:

Answer 32

a clinical trial design where only one party, either the researcher or the participant, is unaware of which treatment or intervention the participant is receiving

Question 33

Double-blind study

Answer 33

both the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

Question 34

Experimenter bias

Answer 34

any systematic errors in the research process or the interpretation of its results that are attributable to a researcher’s behavior, preconceived beliefs, expectancies, or desires about results

Question 35

Correlation

Answer 35

the extent to which two factors vary together; of how well either factor predicts the other

Question 36

Positive Correlation

Answer 36

a relationship between two variables in which both rise and fall together

Question 37

Negative Correlation

Answer 37

a relationship between two variables that move in opposite directions

Question 38

Scatterplot

Answer 38

a type of data display that shows the relationship between two numerical variables

Question 39

Correlation coefficient

Answer 39

a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables. Its values can range from -1 to 1.

Question 40

Effect sizes

Answer 40

a way to measure the magnitude of a difference between groups or the significance of a relationship between variables in sampled data

Question 41

Statistical significance

Answer 41

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance Directionality problem (in correlation)- a limitation of correlational research that occurs when it's unclear which variable influences another

Question 42

Directionality problem (in correlation)-

Answer 42

a limitation of correlational research that occurs when it's unclear which variable influences another

Question 43

Third variable problem (in correlation)

Answer 43

when a third variable causes a correlation between two other variables, making it seem like they have a causal relationship when they don't

Question 44

Meta-analysis-

Answer 44

a statistical method that combines and analyzes the results of multiple studies on a topic to draw an overall conclusion