Unit 2a: Cognition

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

the way we construct our representations of the external world

select , organize , and interpret our sensations.

Question 2

Bottom Up Processing

Answer 2

taking sensory information and assembling it .

Question 3

Top Down processing

Answer 3

using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information.

Question 4

perceptual Set

Answer 4

mental predisposition to percieve things in a particular way based on expectations, expreiences, or context.

Question 5

perceptual set and top down processing combination

Answer 5

You have a perceptual set about something and use top-down processing to understand your perceptions.

Question 6

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 6

= entirety

• studies how the mind intergrates and organizes sensory information into meanginful entirely.
• Three Principle: Closure, Figure and Ground, Grouping
• you don’t see the ears, nose, and fur, but instead you see the dog.

Question 7

Closure (Gestalt)

Answer 7

• individuals tend to perceive incomplete objects as complete.
• If you see a circle that’s not all the way round, your brain thinks, “That’s a circle!” and fills in the missing part.

Question 8

Figure and Ground (Gestalt)

Answer 8

• the way people distinguish an object( the figure) from its background (the ground).
• Imagine when you see a toy car on the floor. Your brain focuses on the car and not on the carpet around it.

Question 9

Grouping

Answer 9

• objects are grouped together due to proximity and similiarity.
• If you have a bunch of red blocks and a bunch of blue blocks, your brain likes to put the red blocks together and the blue blocks together.

Question 10

Selective Attention

Answer 10

ability to focus on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring other distractions.

Question 11

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 11

focus on one convo amidst a noisy environment, while still being able to detect relevant information.

Question 12

Intentional Blindness

Answer 12

individuals fail to notice unexpected or conspicious stimuli in their visual field becasue their attention is focused somehwere.

Question 13

Perceptual Constancy

Answer 13

we tend to recognize objects as being constant and unchanging despite variations in the sensory input.

• size
• shape
• color
• brightness

Question 14

Depth Perception

Answer 14

Enables us to visually judge distance

Question 15

Depth Cues

Answer 15

visual info that allows us to percieve depth/distance.

Question 16

Binocular Depth Cues

Answer 16

require both eyes

Question 17

monocular depth cues

Answer 17

only require one eye

Question 18

Binocular (Retinal Disparity)

Answer 18

differnet images from each eye are combined to give a sense of depth and dimension

Question 19

Binocular (Convergence)

Answer 19

amount of inward movement of eyes signals how close an object is.

Question 20

Monocular (Relative Size)

Answer 20

objects that appear larger are perceived as being closer

Question 21

Monocular (Relative Clarity)

Answer 21

objects that are clearer and more detailed are presumed as being closer.

Question 22

Monocular (Texture Gradient)

Answer 22

the texture of a surface becomes less distinct and more compressed as it recedes into distance

Question 23

Monocular (Linear Perspective)

Answer 23

parallel lines seem to be coverging as they recede into distane

• vanishing point drawings

Question 24

Monocular (Interpositon)

Answer 24

an object that partially covers or overlaps another object is presumed to be closer to the observer.

Question 25

Apparent Movement

Answer 25

perception of movement in stationery object.

Question 26

Systems Theory

Answer 26

There are two systems. System 1: "Fast - unconsious - memorizes quickly System 2: "Slow" - consious

Question 27

Cognition

Answer 27

the process of knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating

Question 28

Concept

Answer 28

cognitive category that allows people to group similar objects, events, ideas, or expreiences. ex. comfort food

Question 29

Prototype

Answer 29

the "ideal type" of a category

Question 30

Schema

Answer 30

cognitive framework that helps to organize and interpret information based on prior knowledge and experiences.

Question 31

Assimilation

Answer 31

incorporating new info or experiences into existing schemas by adding information similar to what is already known.

Question 32

Accomodation

Answer 32

adjusting or changing existing schemas in response to new information that doesn't fit into current schemas - inclusions

Question 33

Algorithms

Answer 33

prodecure/ set of rules that gurnatee a solution to a problem when followed correctly.

Question 34

Heuristics

Answer 34

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies decision making and problem solving by reducing the cognitive load.

Question 35

Representativeness Heuristics

Answer 35

estimating the likelihood of something based on how similar it is to existing mental categories.

Question 36

Availability Heuristics

Answer 36

Estimating the likelihood of an event is based on how easily examples or instances come to mind.

Question 37

Mental Set

Answer 37

Approaching problems in a particular way based on past experiences or habits. Especially if the method has been successful.

Question 38

Priming Effect

Answer 38

exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious awareness.

Question 39

Framing effect

Answer 39

when the same information is perceived differently depending on how it is described or framed.

Question 40

Gambler's Fallacy

Answer 40

The belief that past events or outcomes in a random process will influence future events

Question 41

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Answer 41

Tendency to stick with a decision we’ve invested time, money, or energy into, even if the current costs outweigh the benefits.

Question 42

Creativity

Answer 42

- ability to generate novel and useful ideas, solutions, or products. - involves thinking in original ways and making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts.

Question 43

Divergent Thinking

Answer 43

involves generating a wide variety of possible solutions or ideas in response to an open-ended problem or question.

Question 44

Convergent Thinking

Answer 44

involves narrowing down multiple ideas or solutions to find the best or most effective answer to a specific problem.

Question 45

Functional Fixedness

Answer 45

Tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions

Question 46

Intelligence

Answer 46

The ability to acquire, understand, and apply knowledge and skills. Reasoning Problem-solving Abstract thinking Ability to adapt to new situations.

Question 47

General Intelligence Theory

Answer 47

suggests there is a general factor of intelligence called "g" General intelligence represents a broad, overarching capability that affects specific cognitive skills and tasks.

Question 48

Multiple Intelligences Theories

Answer 48

Various theories claim that intelligence is more than one thing

Question 49

Chronological Age

Answer 49

Actual Age

Question 50

Mental Age

Answer 50

the average age of your mental capability

Question 51

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 51

IQ is a standardized score derived from an intelligence test.

Question 52

Achievement Tests

Answer 52

measure what you have learned

Question 53

Aptitude Test

Answer 53

predict your ability to learn

Question 54

Fixed Mindset

Answer 54

believes intelligence is: -static (doesn’t change) -innate part of us wants to look smart tendency to: -avoid challenges -ignore useful feedback

Question 55

Growth Mindset

Answer 55

believes intelligence is: -dynamic (changeable) -can be developed. wants to learn tendency to: -embrace challenges -learn from criticism

Question 56

Standardization

Answer 56

process of administering and scoring a test in a consistent manner across different individuals or groups. allows for fair comparisons of scores. Norms are created by pre-testing a representative sample. Scores are then compared with the norms.

Question 57

Validity

Answer 57

the extent to which a test measures what is intended to measure.

Question 58

Construct Validity

Answer 58

The degree to which a test accurately measures the theoretical construct or concept it is intended to assess. Construct validity involves evaluating whether the test aligns with theoretical

Question 59

Predictive Validity

Answer 59

The extent to which a test accurately predicts future performance or outcomes related to the construct being measured. For example, predictive validity examines whether a test score can forecast academic achievement or job performance.

Question 60

Reliability

Answer 60

The consistency and stability of test scores over time and across different conditions.

Question 61

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 61

measure of the consistency of test scores when the same test is administered to the same individuals on different occasions.

Question 62

Split-Half Reliability

Answer 62

A measure of the internal consistency of a test by comparing scores on two equivalent halves of the test.

Question 63

Stereotype Threat

Answer 63

the concern that you will confirm a negative stereotype of your group.

Question 64

Flynn Effect

Answer 64

observed rise in average IQ scores over time across many countries.