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AP Psychology > Unit 1a: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 1a: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

xHeredity

A
  • nature
  • transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring through their genes.
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2
Q

Environment

A
  • nurture
  • influence of factors such as upbringing, environment, culture, and personal experiences.
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3
Q

nature

A

DNA/Genes

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4
Q

nurture

A

Enviornment

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5
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

an increased likelihood of developing a trait or disorder based on genetic makeup.

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6
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

explains psychological traits and behaviors are shaped by natural selection

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7
Q

Natural Selection

A

the idea that people with traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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8
Q

Eugenics

A

-now-discredited practice
-involves selective breeding of humans to improve their genetic composition and reduce the impact of heredity disease.

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9
Q

Family Studies

A

studies that decide whether a disease “runs in the family”

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10
Q

Twin Studies

A

studies where monozygotic and dizygotic(womb mates) are studied

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11
Q

Adoption Studies

A

studies where the behaviors and traits of adopted children are compared to their biological parents and adaptive parents.

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12
Q

Central Nervous System

A

-the brain and spinal core
-makes decisions

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-conducts information
-sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

Somatic Nervous System (PNS)

A

-voluntary functions
-controls the body’s skeletal muscles
-transmits sensory information

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (PNS)

A

-involuntary functions
- ex. heart rate, breathing, etc.

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16
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • arouses
  • mobilizes the body in times of stress
  • fight or flight response
  • may cause burnout if independently working
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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • calm
  • maintaining homeostasis
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18
Q

Glial Cells

A

-nonneuronal cells
-provide support to neuron cells

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19
Q

Reflex Arc

A

sensory neurons detect a stimulus—> interneuron processes information –> motor neurons produce response

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20
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

information goes to CNS

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

information comes from the CNS to the body

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22
Q

interneurons

A

middle man that thinks
(brain is mostly made up of this)

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23
Q

Neural Transmission

A

the ways neurons comunicate with each other

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24
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential in a neuron

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25
resting potential
- no firing -not flushing the toilet -inside of the neuron had more negative ions than the outside
26
Action Potential
- firing -flushing the toilet -electrical signal travels down the axon to transmit information
27
Refractory Period
-has fired -after flushing the toilet - cannot fire again - neuron returns to its polarized state
28
Depolarization
-neuron's membrane become more positive -may lead to action potential if the threshold is reached.
29
All or Nothing Principle
-neuron fires completey or doesn't fire at all
30
Synapse
the axon terminally ALMOST touches another neuron
31
Reuptake
NTs that have been released into the synapse are reabsorbed by the presynaptic(sending) neuron.
32
Excitatory NT
excites a post-synaptic neuron to fire
33
Inhibitory NT
contain excitement of neuron firing
34
Dopamine
-"The Reward Chemical" - reward, motivation, pleasure, motor control
35
Acetylcholine
-"The Learning NT" -muscle contraction, learning, memory
36
Serotonin
-"The Mood Stabilizer" -regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, arousal
37
Norepinephrine
-"The Alertness Chemical" -arousal, alertness, mood regulation, attention
38
Glutamate
-"The Gets the brain going NT" -most common excitatory NT -cognitive function such as learning and memory
39
GABA
"The calming chemical" - primary inhibitory NT -reduces neuronal excitability -prevent overactivity in the brain -regulates anxiety, sleep, muscle tone
40
Endorphins
-"The Pain Killer" - released during exercise, stress, injury -regulates feeling of well-being and euphoria
41
Substance P
-"The Pain Preceptor" - transmits pain signals to the CNS
42
Hormones
- chemicals by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream - target organs and tissues - regulate a wide range of psychological processes, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood
43
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
- "The brain activator" in emergencies - "fight or flight" response to threat - increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability
44
Leptin
- "The appetite reducer" - inhibits hunger -signals the brain that the body has enough stored energy.
45
Ghrelin
- "The Food Growler" - stimulates appetite -signals the brain that the body needs food.
46
Melatonin
- "The sleep manager" - regulated sleep-wake cycle - levels increase in the evening - levels decrease in the morning
47
Oxytocin
-"The Love Hormone" -social/emotional connections -reduces stress -promotes self-trust and empathy
48
Psychoactive Drugs
-affect the brain -alter mood, perception, consciousness, and behavior. -illegal/legal
49
Agonists
- bind and activate receptor - increase natural effect
50
Antagonists
-bind and block receptor - decrease natural effect
51
Reuptake Inhibitors
Drugs that block the reabsorption of NTs into the presynaptic neuron. ---> an increase in the concentration of NTs in the synapse
52
Addiction
craving for a drug despite adverse consequences
53
Tolerance
diminishing effect of a drug
54
Withdrawl
negative effects without a drug
55
Stimulants
"The system Speeder" - increase activity in CNS - increase in alertness, energy, and euphoria - CAFFEINE - COCAINE- blocks reuptake of dopamine
56
Depressants
"The Relaxer" - decrease the activity of CNS - increase of relaxation, drowsing, and a reduction in anxiety - ALCOHOL (increase GABA) (reduce Glutamate) -may cause loss of motor control and impaired judgment
57
Hallucinogens
"The Sensory Hijacker" - perceptual distortions - hallucinations - an altered state of consciousness -MARIJUANA (also has stimulant and depressant effect)
58
Opioids
"The Painkiller" - bind to opioid receptors in the brain - reduce the perception of pain - produce euphoria -HEROIN
59
Consciousness
- being aware of and able to think about one's existence, thoughts, surroundings, and experiences. Sleep= altered state of consciousness
60
Circadian Rythm
- Sleep/Wake Cycle - natural internal process that regulates sleep-wake cycle - influenced by environment
61
Jet Lag
disturbance in sleep due to travel in different time zones
62
Shift Work
working in odd hours
63
NREM- 1
- 5% of total sleep - partial awareness state
64
NREM- 2
-45% of total sleep - important for overall rest
65
NREM-3
- 25% total sleep time - deepest sleep time
66
REM- Sleep
-25% sleep - paralyzed dreaming
67
REM Rebound
- recovery sleep time
68
Consolidation Theory
dreams play a role in consolidating and processing memories
69
Activation-Synthesis Theory
- dreams are disruptive and make sense of random neural activity during REM sleep.
70
Memory Consolidation
short-term memories ---> long-term memories
71
hypnagogic sensations
vivid sensory experiences
72
Restoration of Resources
body restores wasted resources during sleep
73
Narcolepsy
sleep disorder where you fall asleep at random times
74
Insomnia
sleep disorder related to difficulty managing in sleep cycle
75
Somnambulism (Sleep-Walking)
performing complex behaviors while the body is in deep sleep
76
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
person acts out their dream during REM sleep because the normal paralysis is absent
77
Sleep Apnea
difficulty breathing while sleeping

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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