Unit 1 Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
What is a lipid?
A
a lipid is made up of building blocks of glycerol and fatty acids
2
Q
cons of lipids
A
heart disease, increased weight, more pressure on organs, long term health conditions
3
Q
pros of lipids
A
insulation, long lasting energy store, protection of vital organs
4
Q
lipids are mainly…
A
long chain hydrocarbons
5
Q
fats are made up of what three elements?
A
hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
6
Q
what is the correct name for lipids?
A
triglyceride
7
Q
what is a triglyceride
A
3 lots of a glceryl molocule
8
Q
on a glycerol molocule is there such thing as a glycerol backbone
A
yes
9
Q
chemical formula for glucose
A
C3H12O6
10
Q
chemical formula of glycerol
A
C3H8O3
11
Q
how much water is produced when every ester bond is made?
A
3 lots of water
12
Q
what is the ester bond to water called?
A
the condensation reaction
13
Q
what is the OH- group
A
hydroxyl
14
Q
an ester bond forms ___ ________ of water
A
an ester bond forms one molocule of water
15
Q
where does the right side of the hearts blod travel
A
lungs
16
Q
where does the left side of the hearts blood travel
A
rest of the body
17
Q
why is this a split system
A
so oxygenated and deooxygenated blood dont mix, and so there is no backfloow of blood
18
Q
what direction does blood flow in
A
high to a low pessure
19
Q
whats the walls of the heart ade out of
A
muscle
20
Q
whats the main purpose of the heart
A
to contract and pump blood around the body
21
Q
what are the four man chambers in th heart
A
right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
22
Q
whaat are the four main vessles
A
vena cava, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and aorta
23
Q
how do you tell if something is cholestrol
A
has a 4 ring structure, carrys hormones, has a phopholipid bilayer
24
Q
what is the proper name of the 3 tpes of blood cell
A
erythocytes - RBC
leucocyte - WBC
thrombocyte - platlets
25
what is the funcction of the erythrocyte
transports oxygen around the body
26
what is the function of the leucocyte
defends the body against infections
27
what is the function of thrombocytes
blood clotting
28
what is the name and function of the fluid part of the blood
plasma it thins the blood so blood can continue to flow around the body
29
what are the 4 blood types
A, B, AB, O
30
what is the difference about each blood type
O- is the universal donater, meaning there are no proteins on surface, AB is the universal recipitent, A and B
31
what does hydrophobic mean
water hating
32
what does hydrophillic mean
water loving
33
what is the bond found between glycerol and fatty acids
esterbond
34
are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature
solid
35
are unsaturated fats solid or liuqid at room temperature
liquid
36
are saturated fats stackable
yes
37
how many bonds do carbon atoms need
4
38
most lipids we eat are called...
triglycerides
39
does a staurated fatty acid have doublle bonds
no
40
what are the four biomolocules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
41
What are the three main blood vessels
Arteries, veins, capillaries
42
What's in a artery
He's a thinner lumen, more cullogen, more smooth muscle, more elastic fibres
43
What's in a vein
Wider lumen, less callogen, less smooth muscle, fewer elastic fibres
44
What is the function of collagen
Reinforcement, to make sure the vessel doesn't break/burst
45
What are capillaries
One cell thick, no valves, narrow lumen, porous
46
Do veins have valves
Yes, they are used to prevent the back flow of blood
47
What is the endothelium
Found In capillaries, and allows the blood to flow freely/recieve easier movement of flow
48
What three things occur in the capillaries
1. Exchange of nutrients
2. Gas exchange
3. Help regulate body temperature
49
What is the cardiovascular test used to measure?
Blood pressure
50
What are respiratory tests called?
Peak flow
51
Name a type of a neurophysiology
EMG
52
Type of audiology test
Otoscopy
53
Type of GI tests
Endoscopy
54
What does both vascular imaging and blood pressure measure?
They measure the flow of blood through the arterys
55
What are the main steps of taking blood pressure readings
1. Cuff around them
2. Inflare cuff
3. Deflate cuff
4. Patient should be sat still
5. Patient should not speak
6. Arm should be below chest
56
What is the "normal" range for blood pressure
120/80
57
What are the two types of readings when taking blood pressure?
Systolic and dystolic
58
What are the limitations when taking blood pressure
Exercise, smoking, and drinking all 30 minutes prior, incorrectly sized cuff, movement, deflation of cuff
59
What are the main steps of vascular imaging
1. Gel is applied
2. Ultrasound transducer is placed along side artery
60
What do sounds of waves measure?
Blood velocity and blood resistance
61
During vascular imaging what does PSK mean
Peak Systolic Velocity
62
What's the normal PSV
100-180cm/sec
63
Deviation in vascular imaging
Blood is flowing with a lower velocity,
Rate of blood flow is impeded by plaque
64
Limitations of vascular imaging
Poor angle/ positioning, frequency of ultrasound
65
What are the limitations for a false peak flow test
- not breathing I deeply enough to start test
- not breathing in forcefully enough
- coughing during test
- poor seal around mouthpiece
66
What are the limitations of an ECG
- may have had a heart attack in past
- May have stuck patches in incorrect places
- doesn't cooperate fully with someone who has a irregular heart beat
67
What are the limitations of blood pressure monitoring
- using the wrong cuff size
- not positioning patient properly
- not allowing patients to rest before taking test
68
What is the nucleus and what does it do?
- information canter of the cell
- DNA is stored here
- replicated and copied
69
What is the nuclear envelope?
Double membranes that separate contents, e.g- nucleus is separated from cytoplasm
70
What are nuclear pores?
Gaps in the nuclear envelope which enable gas exchange, allows substance to move in and out
71
What is the nucleolus?
Part of the nucleus that provides ribosomes
72
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
It's the site where proteins are made, know as ER, includes lipids and steroid synthesis
73
What are ribosomes?
Built from RNA and protein, found in the cytoplasm and up to the rough ER
74
What is the plasma membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer that contains cholesterol, this surrounds the cell and enables it to detect changes in the environment
75
What is the mitochondria
Rod-shaped bodies in the cytoplasm, that supply chemical energy to the rets of the cell
76
What is the cytoplasm?
A liquid holding everything in the cell outside of the nucleus
77
What is the golgi apparatus
Complex membranes, directs newly made proteins to where they are needed
78
What are centrioles?
A pair of organelles that organise microtubules
79
What are microfilaments
They are responsible for cell movements and changes, making muscle contraction possible, they're smaller than microtubules
80
What are vacuoles
Vacuoles are internal bags, surronded by a membrane used for storage
81
What are microtubles
Small, tubular assembles for protein, helps maintain structure and move organelles around cytoplasm using molecular motors
82
What are iysomes
Cells rubbish disposal, contains hydrolyic enzymes
83
What are extracellular matrix
Material inbetween cells, usually hold tissues together, usually made out of proteins such as collagen
84
what are the four main components in the lymphatic system
- organs - vessels
- fluids -nodes
85
what is the purpose of the lymphatic system
to remove excess material/waste from the body
86
desribe a lymth node
small bean shaped node which is used to help fight pathogens
87
how is lymth fluid formed
blood enters capillaries
plasma passes it out forms tissue fluid
some drins
some turns out as lymth fluid
88
3 layers of the skin
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous fat
89
What is the function of a sweat gland?
A sweat gland is used to control the body temperature and regulate it
90
What is the function of a sebaceous gland?
To produce and secrete sebum (sebum lubricates the skin)
91
What happens to the body when we get too hot?
Your body secrets sweat to cool the body down, in the form of sweat, sweat is water which is then secreted out of the pores
92
What happens to the body when we get too cold?
You being shivering its the bodys natural response when it's too cold
93
Which part of the brain is responsible for
thermoregulation?
The hypothalamus
94
What is the CNS
Central nervous system, made up of brain and spinal cord
95
What does the CNS do
The CNS is the center of conscious awareness, to collect, process and respond to information in the environment
96
What is the function of all reflexes
To provide and take out automatic responses in order to keep the body safe
97
What is action potential
Movement of charge along axon of nerve, its a wave of depolarisation
98
List 4 ways chemicals can inhibit synaptic transmission
1. Increase rate of breakdown
2. Decrease release of neurotransmitters
3. Increase reuptake
4. Block neurotransmitters
99
4 ways drugs can enhance synaptic transmission
1. Decrease rate of breakdown
2. Increase release of neurotransmitters
3. Decrease reuptake
4. New neurotransmitters
100
Social effects of addiction
Lead to depression/anxiety therefore less interactive with others
101
Emotional consequences of addiction
Feeling as though your unable to stop, lacking control
102
Physical consequences of addiction to alcohol
Can cause cancer; bowel, breast, liver, oesophagus, mouth, larynx, high blood pressure, intoxication, extremely low breathing rate/blood pressure
103
State 5 functions of the skeleton
Shape, support, production of blood cells, protection, movement
104
What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?
One muscle contracts the other relaxes
105
What is the function of joints?
Joints are used for movements to occur
106
What do ligaments and tendons do?
Ligaments connect bone to bone, holding it in place. Tendons connect muscle to bone.
107
Explain how monosaccarides react together to form dissacherides
through a condensation reaction, thereofre creating two lots of suagrs in a monosaccarie, forming a disiccacherie.
108
define the term triose, pentose, and hexrose sugar.
the number in each word (e.g tri in triose) represents the amount of carbon molocules within that monosaccaride.
109
Explain how monosaccharides react together to form polysaccharides
Condensation reactions
110
Explain how disaccharides/polysaccharides are broken down to form monosaccharides
Hydrolysis reaction
111
Describe the dipole nature of water
Polar charge, H has a more positive charge and O has a slight negative charge
112
Properties of water
Water is polar, High heat capacity, solvent, heat of vaporisation
113
Describe how blood glucose is controlled
Insulin is produced if there is too little blood glucose and glucagon is produced with too much blood glucose
114
Define negative feedback
A process that is used to maintain the body's overall maintenance
115
What are the two main functions of the kidney
1. Osmoregulation
2. Excretion of waste
116
Define osmoregulation
The control of water and ion levels in the body
117
What's the role of ADH
ADH - anti diuretic hormone, reduces the amount of water released into urine, passes it back into bloodstream
118
Describe types of urodynamic testing
Uroflowmetrey- measures how much urine is in your bladder/flow
Ultrasound- detects kidney stones
Crystometeic test- measures how much bladder can hold, the pressure in the bladder and how full it is
119
How do ears, mouth, eyes and nose help defend the body from pathogens
Ears- earwax blocks and catches pathogens
Mouth- saliva
Nose- hairs and mucus
Eyes- eyelashes and tears
120
How does the throat help defend the body from pathogens
Celia and mucus
121
How does the stomach help defend the body from pathogens
Stomach produces hydrochloric acid which burns/destroys pathogens
122
How does the intestine help defend the body from pathogens
Removes waste
123
How do scabs help defend the body from pathogens
Macrophage
124
How does the skin help defend the body from pathogens
Reduces the number of pathogens from entering body, large numbers of microbes live on the skin surface
125
Definition of a pathogen
Any organism that had the ability to cause a illness or disease
126
Name the four types of pathogen
Bacteria, protists, fungi and virus
127
Describe the process of phagocytosis
1. WBC attaches to pathogen
2. Pathogen is then engulfed
3. Cell is fused with enzymes (acid hydrolases)
4. Pathogen is then fused and killed and digested.
5. Then waste material Is removed by exocytosis
128
Describe inflammation
1. Histamine triggers dialation of blood vessels
2. Phagocytes and natural killer cells fight against infection
3. Chemotaxis
129
What is chemotaxis
Movement of cell in a select direction
130
Definition of the specific immune response
Antigens are recognising foreign cells that enter the body
131
What are both T and B cells known as
Lymphocytes
132
B cells are made where
Bone marrow
133
T cells are made in
Bone marrow
134
B cells mature where?
Bone marrow
135
T cells are matured where?
Thymus
136
What are cytoxic T cells
WBC that induce death to infected or tumour cells
137
What is cytokine
Regulatory proteins that incude the cells of the immune system
138
What 4 main steps of cell meditated immunity
1. Pathogens invade body cells
2. Pathogenic antigens are present on cells surface
3. T helper cells have receptors which fit exactly with the presented antigens
4. T helper celle
139
Definition of phagocyte
Cell that releases lytic enzymes to break down pathogenic cells
140
Definition of cytotoxic t cells
Cells that destroys pathogenic cells by releasing chemicals into the invaded cells
141
Definition of T Helper cells
Cell that stimulates and recruits more cells to assist in the immune system
142
Where does the humoral response take place
In the blood, in plasma
143
What is the humoral response
1. B cells stimulate the production of plasma cells and memory cells
2. Plasma cells produce antibodies
3. Antibodies bind with antigen to form antigen
4. Memory cells remember this
144
What are antibodies
Defence mechanism, and binding to pathogens to destroy them
145
What are the 2 types of lymphocyte
B cells and T cells
146
What is the specific immune response
Antigens being recognised as foreign to the body
147
What is the humoral response
B cells producing plasma and memory cells, antibodies are then made
148
What is aimovig
Blocks activity of protein in your body, it is a monoclonal antibody produced by a single B cell
149
What does TMS stand for
Transcranical magnetic stimulation
150
How does TMS work
Small electrical device delivers a magnetic pulse through the skin
151
How does paracetamol work
Painkiller, used to treat aches and pains, it blocks production of chemicals which are involved with pain transmission
152
How does ibuprofen work
Reduces hormones thay cause pain and swelling in the body
153
What is aspirin
Anti inflammatory drug used to reduce pain
154
Definition of anthithrombotic
Reduces the chance of blood clotting
155
What can Triptans help with
Headache pain, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound
156
How do triptans work
Antimigrane agents by selectively bind serotonin receptors
157
Define autoimmunity
When the body fails to recognise the body's own molecules and attacks its own cells
158
Describe the cells involved with autoimmunity
T- cells
159
Describe the cell involved with allergies
B and T cells
160
Which chemical does our body release too much of during an allergy reaction
Histamine
161
What are T-cells covered in
T cells are covered with receptors, they are all shapes differently
162
What is neurosis
Death of tissue
163
What are some triggers of auto immune disorders
Bacteria or virus diseases, drugs, chemical irritants, ans environmental irritants
164
What type of molecule are histamines
Signaling molecule
165
What does a signaling molecule detect
Helps detect foreigne cells
166
Hoe do anti histamines work?
Histamine is still released but it helps stop histamine reaching receptors on blood vessels- no dilations/inflammation
167
Treatments of allergy
Avoiding specific food molecules
Immunotherapy- gradually increasing exposure to allergen into diet over a extended period of time
168
What is immunotherapy also known as
Desensitisation
169
What does HIV stand for?
Human immunodeficiency viruses
170
How does HIV infect cells?
Find the leukocytes, makes copies of the virus cells and replicated within, hiv then kills the leukocytes and hiv copies and this process happenes over and over
171
What does HIV do to the body?
Attacks immune system
172
What does HPV stand for?
Human papillomarvirus - sexually transmitted infection
173
What can HPV do to the body?
Can cause cervical and other cancers
174
Define the terms dominant and recessive
Dominant: only one gene is needed to express characteristics
Recessive: two genes are needed to express characteristics
175
Define phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: how the characteristic is expressed
Genotype: combination of alleles
176
How is sex linked disease inherited
Through a recessive allele being passed down being on the X chromosome
177
What are four ways adverse reactions can happen?
- works too well
- off target effects
- production of toxic metabolism
- immunological response
178
Who might be more at risk of developing adverse reactions?
- elderly
- children
- people with allergies
- polypharmacy
179
What are type a adverse reactions
They're predicted on the basis of the pharmacology of the drug
180
What are type B adverse reactions
Unexpected and unpredicted affects of taking a drug
181
What common drug has adverse reactions, why?
Paracetamol- there is a production of toxic metabolites which attacks the liver cells in the body
