Unit 4 Flashcards by Eloise Sherwood

Benefits and negatives of oral administration routes

+ easy to administrator
+ cheaper
+ no special storage required
- dosage less precise
- slow acting
- prolonged duration of action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benefits and negatives of sublingual administration routes

+ don’t rely on the liver
+ works faster than oral
+ don’t have to be swallowed
- can be difficult to get under tounge
- not responsible for all meds
- doesn’t work for slow release medicines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benefits and negatives of rectal administration routes

+ faster acting
+ shorter duration
+ higher bioavailability
- patient compliance
- undesired absorption
- GI affects absorbing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benefits and negatives of parental administration routes

+ faster absorption
+ more precise dosage
- can lead to infection
- can lead to bruising
- usually requires pro to administrate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Benefits and negatives of topical administration routes

+ fewer risks of abuse
+ alternative to oral
+ reduced hospital congestion
- less dosage control
- usually needs to be stored in fridge
- can lead to skin irritation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is non-adherence

Failure to fully agree to a prescription in the first place- pros have to work around patients needs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two main types of non-adherence

Intentional- patient decides to not follow treatment
Unintentional- patient agrees with treatment but it prevented by barriers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can medical pros avoid non-adherence

making sure pateint knows compliactions/consequences of not taking treatment
carrying out reminders
patient getting involved in choice of treatments
fully discussing importance of treatment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What factors affect distribution of drugs

movement in and out of bloodstream
proportion to tissues
water soluble vs fat soluble
how it builds up in the tissues
how it crosses membranes
how it binds proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s the order of pharmacokinetics

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Secretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a half life

Duration of action of drug to be reduced by one half

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is drugs plasma half life

How fast a drug us eliminated from plasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the removal of a drug from plasma called

Clearance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is distribution of drugs in various body tissues called

Volume of distribution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a steady state

Repeated doses of drugs administered

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 stages of metabolism

Phase 1 - involves reduction of drug through oxidation- catalyses cytochrome P450
Phase 2- attachment of ionised group- occurs in hephtocyte cytoplasm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When a drug is administered in-active what is this known as

Pro-drug

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Can some metabolites produce be toxic?

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What factors affect metabolism

diseases
genetic deficiency
usage of other drugs
diet
environmental factors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can drugs affect hormones

Through inhibiting and stimulating the drug resulting in interaction with hormone receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can drugs work on enzymes

There are characteristics in the drugs which resemble natural substances which binds to enzymes affecting the activation and inhibitions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can drugs work on enzymes

There are characteristics in the drugs which resemble natural substances which binds to enzymes affecting the activation and inhibitions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do drugs affect transport across membranes

Drugs affect the effectiveness of drug absorption, distribution and elimination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can drugs affect transmitter substances

Reduces and increase see s synaptic transmittion affecting the communication routes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is polypharmacy

Multiple practitioners prescribed but don't communicate

What are the three ways that polypharmacy can affect drug action

Slow down the action rate of the drugs Less severe side effects Less adverse affects

What is the synergistic effect

When two drugs work on the same body system, can be helpful towards the body or harmful

What is the antagonistic effect

Occurs when drugs are blocked ans reduced effectiveness of one or more drugs

What common foods interact with medicines

Grapefruit Black liquorice

What does drug tolerance mean

The reduced reaction of the drug a person is taking after taking it for a prolonged period

What are the 2 main mechanisms for developing drug tolerance

Reduced number of receptors Poor binding between medicine and receptor

What is a drug holiday

Stop taking a specific drug for a set amount of time

What is the function of the cardiovascular system

To deliver oxygen, and other nutrients around the body

Three conditions affecting cardiovascular system and how it affects it

Hypertension- high BP causes pressure on heart resulting in a higher risk of heart problems Angina- reduced blood flow to the heart, low BP Arrhythmia- heart beats too slow, too fast, or too irregularly

How do beta blockers work

Blocks the release of adrenaline hormones

Side effects of beta blockers

Feeling tired, dizzy or lightheaded

What is the function of the respiratory system

To allow absorption of oxygen into the body to keep cells alive and remove carbon dioxide

Name one function which affects the respiratory system and how it affects the it

Asthma- inflammation in the airways restricting air flow

How does salbutamol treat asthma

Binds to beta adrenaline receptors which limits production of calcium ions which causes smooth muscles to relax increasing rate of airflow

What are adverse effects of salbutamol

- Lactic/metabolic acidosis- leaves feeling of comiting, fatigue, cramps - Hallucinations - hypokalemia- low levels of potassium in the body, interacts with beta 2 receptors

What is the Gastrointestinal systems function

To break down large food molecules and absorb all nutrients and the removal of waste

What are three disorders of the gastrointestinal system

Constipation Ulcers Diarrhea

What type of medication treats constipation

Osmotic laxatives

What type of medication treats diarrhea

Antidiarrhoeal medicines - loperamide

What type of medication treats heart burn

Omeprazole

how do H2 ntagonists work to trear an ulcer

H2 antagonists reduce the amount of hydrochloic acid being prduced, meaning that this stops the acid from reaching th ulcer resuling in a afster recovery time

what are 3 adverse effects of Cimetidine

drug allergy may occur may cause other drugs to work too well

What is the function of the endocrine system

To make hormones and directly rele as e into bloodstream so they can travel around the body

What is hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid

What is hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid

What is hyperthyroidism

Overactive thyroid

What are the adverse effects of methimazole

Rash or itchiness when they take it- less severe version of this is neutropenia

How does methimazole treat hyperthyroidism

Reduces the thyroid hormone from being released

What are the 4 mechaņisms by which antibiotics can`target bacteria?

limiting uptake of a drug modifying a drug target Anactivating a drug active drug efflux

What is the difference between gram positive and,gram negative bactěria?

Gram-positive bacteria show blue or purple after gram-staining in a laboratory test They have thick cell walls Gram-negative bacteria show pink or red on staining and have thin walls

3 symptoms of someone who might be schizophrenic

Hallucinations Delusions Hearing voices

Is dicloxacillin bacterial or bacteriostatic

Bacterial

What is the mechanism action of dicloxacillin

Reducing cell wall action

What are the adverse effects of dicloxacillin

Nausea, diarrhea, allergic reactions

How does antibiotics resistance develop

when bacteria develop the ability to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics

What does dopamine normally do to the brain

Feeling of pleasure

What is the mechanism of action for Risperidone

Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors in brain

What condition does Risperidone treat? How does it affect CNS

Treats schizophrenia and affects CNS due to brain chemicals controlling thinking and behaviour, some are too active and others are under active

Unit 4 Flashcards

(63 cards)