Unit 1-2 Metabolism and Basic Anatomy & Physiology (Week 1)

Question 1

The “training effect”

Answer 1

An increase in functional capacity of muscles and other bodily tissues as a result of increased stress (overload) placed upon them.

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant environment

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

All of the chemical reactions that take place in the body

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

Building molecules requires energy

Question 5

Catabolism

Answer 5

Breakdown of molecules releases energy

Question 6

Metabolic set point

Answer 6

The average rate in which your body builds up and breaks down molecules

Question 7

Energy content of food is measured in

Answer 7

Calories

Question 8

Calories

Answer 8

Unit of heat

Question 9

Glucose

Answer 9

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

Form of sugar stored in the liver or muscles

Question 11

Biological response

Answer 11

The initial reaction to stress on our bodies

Question 12

If built up in muscles, this can lead to fatigue

Answer 12

Lactic acid

Question 13

This energy source powers strength

Answer 13

Glycogen

Question 14

This energy source powers endurance

Answer 14

Fatty acids

Question 15

Mechanisms of fatigue (6)

Answer 15

Depletion of glucose, glycogen, ATP/CP, O2,

Increase in blood pH, lactic acid, calcium ion in muscles

Question 16

Cell Structure includes (8)

Answer 16

Ribosomes, Lysosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, nuclear membrane

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for providing energy for muscle contractions

Question 18

Four types of tissue

Answer 18

Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous

Question 19

10 Main Body Systems

Answer 19

respiratory system 
circulatory system 
digestive system 
nervous system 
endocrine system 
skeletal system 
muscular system 
integumentary system which includes the skin hair nails and associated glands 
urinary system 
reproductive systems

Question 20

The respiratory system

Answer 20

Supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide and helps regulate the pH balance of the body

Question 21

The circulatory system

Answer 21

Serves as the transportation system of the body.
Heart, veins, arteries.
Subsystems: lymphatic and cardiovascular

Question 22

The lymphatic system

Answer 22

Network of Vessels that support a clear fluid known as lymph to the heart
Responsible for the transport of fluids from the organs and plays an important role in our immune system and response

Question 23

Carbohydrates

Answer 23

are sugars and starches used by the body as fuel

Question 24

Fats are

Answer 24

Compounds that store energy

Question 25

Proteins are important components of

Answer 25

Cells and tissues; they are large, complex molecules composed of amino acids

Question 26

Ketone bodies

Answer 26

Bodies produced as intermediate products of fat metabolism.

Question 27

Lactic acid

Answer 27

A by-product of glucose and glycogen metabolism in anaerobic muscle energetics.

Question 28

Amino acid

Answer 28

The building blocks of protein. There are 24 amino acids, which form countless number of different proteins.

Question 29

Fatty acids

Answer 29

Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils

Question 30

When anabolism exceeds catabolism,

Answer 30

Net growth occurs

Question 31

When catabolism exceeds anabolism,

Answer 31

the body has a net loss of substances and body tissues and may lose weight.

Question 32

basal metabolic rate (BMR):

Answer 32

The minimum energy required to maintain the body’s life function at rest; usually expressed in calories per hour per square meter of the body surface.

Question 33

Thermogenesis

Answer 33

Hear liberation

Question 34

thermic effect:

Answer 34

The heat liberated from a particular food; it is a measure of its energy content and its tendency to be burned as heat.

Question 35

respiratory quotient (RQ),

Answer 35

A method of determining the “fuel mix” being used, giving us a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy.

Question 36

RQ formula

Answer 36

RQ = volume of CO2 expired / volume of O2 utilized

Question 37

Oxidation

Answer 37

The chemical act of combining with oxygen or of removing hydrogen

Question 38

Maximal oxygen uptake (O2 max):

Answer 38

The highest rate of oxygen consumption which a person is capable

Question 39

branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs):

Answer 39

The amino acids L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine comprises 35% of muscle tissue. The BCAAs, particularly L-leucine, help increase work capacity by stimulating production of insulin, the hormone that opens muscle cells to glucose.

Question 40

BCAAs are burned as fuel during

Answer 40

highly intense training and at the end of long-distance events when the body recruits protein for as much as 20% of its energy needs.

Question 41

Shivering is actually a series of

Answer 41

involuntary muscle contractions that are triggered to create heat in the body, like turning on a furnace.

Question 42

High-intensity exercise simulates development of fast-twitch muscle fibers, while low-intensity exercise results in development of slow-twitch muscle fibers.

Answer 42

Fast twitch muscle fibers

Question 43

These 2 factors dictate the primary energy mix used

Answer 43

Type and duration

Question 44

Strength/Power activities

Answer 44

Energy comes from immediate ATP stores. Ex: include shotput, power lifting, high jump, golf swing, and tennis serve. Activities last about 0 to 3 seconds of maximal effort.

Question 45

Sustained power

Answer 45

Energy comes from a mediate ATP & CP stores. Ex: include sprints and fast breaks. Activities last about 0 to 10 seconds of near maximal effort.

Question 46

Anaerobic power/endurance

Answer 46

Energy comes from 80 P, CP, and lactic acid. Ex: 200 -400m dash and 100 yd swim. Activities last about 1 to 2m

Question 47

Aerobic endurance

Answer 47

Energy comes from the oxidative pathway. | Activities last over two minutes.

Question 48

Adenosine diphosphate ADP

Answer 48

organic compound in metabolism that functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate molecule from ATP and composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.

Question 49

Fast twitch muscle fibers

Answer 49

Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly in is used mostly in intensive, short duration exercises

Question 50

Slow twitch muscle fibers/type one

Answer 50

A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis

Question 51

Glycolytic pathway

Answer 51

Metabolic process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy anaerobically

Question 52

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 52

Chemical process that converts lactate in pyruvate back into glucose.

Question 53

Anaerobic threshold

Answer 53

The point where increasing energy demands of exercise cannot be met by the use of oxygen and an oxygen debt begins to be incurred

Question 54

Pyruvate

Answer 54

A byproduct of glycolysis

Question 55

Oxidative pathway

Answer 55

A system that is aerobic, which means it uses oxygen to produce ATP by way of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

Question 56

Beta oxidation

Answer 56

A Series of reactions in which fatty acids are broken down