Unit 18 Nutritional Physiology (Week 8)

Question 1

When it comes to nutrition, most of our cells’ daily activities have two purposes:

Answer 1

To extract nutrients from the food that we eat

To use those nutrients to provide the raw materials and energy to keep us alive

Question 2

cellular respiration:

Answer 2

What cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, which the cell then uses for energy.

Question 3

“metabolism” is

Answer 3

essentially the sum of all reactions that take place to build up and break down the body

Question 4

Organism:

Answer 4

All that is you. You can reproduce and repair. Your body wants to stay in balance. You’re made of organ systems.

Question 5

Organ systems:

Answer 5

Made up of organs and glands arranged to perform specific functions like oxygen collection, protein breakdown, and fighting off microorganisms. Examples include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

Question 6

Organs:

Answer 6

Think heart, kidney, liver, and so on. These organs are made up of tissues.

Question 7

Tissues:

Answer 7

The four major tissue types include epithelial (skin), connective (joints and fascia), muscle (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac) and nervous (brain, nerves, etc). These tissues are made up of cells.

Question 8

Cells:

Answer 8

Cells are extremely small, unique, and powerful. They’re made up of organelles, and different cell types play different roles in the body.

Question 9

Organelles:

Answer 9

There are over 24 known organelles. These reside within cells and convert food into ATP, make proteins, and more. These rely on specific chemicals within our cells.

Question 10

Chemicals:

Answer 10

Inside our cells exists a semi-fluid matrix called the cytoplasm. Floating around within are various chemicals that impact our cellular function at every level.

Question 11

organ systems:

Answer 11

A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.

Question 12

organs:

Answer 12

A part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.

Question 13

tissues:

Answer 13

A collection of similar cells and their intracellular substances.

Question 14

cells:

Answer 14

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

Question 15

organelles:

Answer 15

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Question 16

chemicals:

Answer 16

Compounds or substances that have been purified or prepared, especially artificially.

Question 17

cytoplasm:

Answer 17

The material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Question 18

enzymes:

Answer 18

substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process

Question 19

coenzymes:

Answer 19

Nonprotein compounds that are necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

Question 20

protein receptors:

Answer 20

molecules in the target cell or on its surface that bind ligands, such as a steroid hormone or cyclic AMP.

Question 21

cell signaling pathways:

Answer 21

A group of molecules in a cell that work together to control one or more cell functions, such as cell division or cell death.

Question 22

transport protein:

Answer 22

A protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism.

Question 23

detoxification:

Answer 23

The process of removing toxic substances or qualities.

Question 24

facilitated diffusion

Answer 24

no energy is needed

Question 25

active transport

Answer 25

energy is needed

Question 26

transport proteins

Answer 26

allow the passage of molecules between spaces inside the cells and the spaces outside of cells.

Question 27

food provides energy, but it also provides

Answer 27

compounds that influence metabolism, hormone and neurotransmitter status, and body structureq

Question 28

macronutrients:

Answer 28

Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

Question 29

micronutrients:

Answer 29

Vitamins, minerals, water. And don’t forget the phytonutrients and zoonutrients

Question 30

soluble:

Answer 30

Able to be dissolved, especially in water.

Question 31

fatty acids:

Answer 31

Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Question 32

In order to be useful to the body, most proteins must eventually become ______, most carbohydrates must become _______, and most fats must become _____

Answer 32

amino acids glucose fatty acids

Question 33

monosaccharides:

Answer 33

Any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.

Question 34

phytonutrients:

Answer 34

A substance found in certain plants which is believed to be beneficial to human health and help prevent various diseases.

Question 35

Salivary glands produce saliva—a mix of

Answer 35

water, mucus, enzymes and other chemicals.

Question 36

In the stomach, some compounds are absorbed from the food, but most absorption takes place

Answer 36

in the next section: the small intestine.

Question 37

While in the stomach, food is churned and mixed into a liquid called

Answer 37

chyme

Question 38

The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of _____ and the enzyme gastric lipase begins to break _____ apart.

Answer 38

proteins | lipids

Question 39

prebiotics:

Answer 39

A nondigestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines.

Question 40

whole foods:

Answer 40

Food that has been processed or refined as little as possible and is free from additives or other artificial substances.

Question 41

proboitics:

Answer 41

A microorganism introduced into the body for its beneficial qualities.

Question 42

simple diffusion:

Answer 42

Refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary, such as a integral membrane protein.

Question 43

facilitated diffusion:

Answer 43

Process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

Question 44

active transport:

Answer 44

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient, i.e. moving from an area of lower concentration to an areas of higher concentration.

Question 45

carrier protein:

Answer 45

Membrane proteins that have a high affinity for particular solutes, e.g. glucose, and which facilitate the passage of these solutes through membrane barriers.

Question 46

ulcers:

Answer 46

An open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal.

Question 47

gallstones:

Answer 47

A small, hard crystalline mass formed abnormally in the gallbladder or bile ducts from bile pigments, cholesterol, and calcium salts.

Question 48

diverticulosis:

Answer 48

A condition in which diverticula are present in the intestine without signs of inflammation.

Question 49

leaky gut syndrome:

Answer 49

Proposed condition some health practitioners claim is the cause of a wide range of serious long-term conditions, including diabetes, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.

Question 50

The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group.

Answer 50

triglycerides:

Question 51

Glucose is the brain’s primary

Answer 51

energy source

Question 52

a "role" that the liver plays in the body

Answer 52

Synthesizes protein from amino acids ingested through food

Question 53

Glucose can be: (2)

Answer 53

Used for ATP production | Stored as muscle glycogen

Question 54

Some of the energy in macronutrients are lost through the digestive process.

Answer 54

TRUE

Question 55

a cofounding factor in determining the accuracy of caloric values contained on food labels

Answer 55

Preparation/method of cooking

Question 56

_______

Answer 56

is not a metabolic pathway involving carbohydrates

Question 57

A summation of all things your body does both actively and passively to burn calories in a 24 hour period is called:

Answer 57

Total daily energy expenditure

Question 58

Which factor(s) affects energy balance?

Answer 58

Food intake Exercise activity Genetic factors

Question 59

When caloric intake is lower than the amount needed to maintain normal function, RMR increases.

Answer 59

FALSE

Question 60

oxidation:

Answer 60

The chemical act of combining with oxygen or of removing hydrogen.

Question 61

Breaking the bonds between the carbon and hydrogen molecules in most of our food creates

Answer 61

a burst of energy, which fuels the processes required to form ATP.

Question 62

ATP:

Answer 62

Adenosine triphosphate; an organic compound found in muscle which, upon being broken down enzymatically, yields energy for muscle contraction.

Question 63

Where does the energy come from to perform daily activities

Answer 63

nutrients that you ate (and stored) yesterday, the day before, and the day before that.

Question 64

most of the energy we require comes from nutrients that have been stored in our

Answer 64

hepatocytes (liver cells), myocytes (muscle cells), and adipocytes (fat cells)

Question 65

glycogen (long chains of tightly packed glucose molecules) is broken down into ,

Answer 65

glucose

Question 66

triglycerides (long chains of tightly packed fatty acid molecules) are broken down into

Answer 66

fatty acids (or ketone bodies)

Question 67

proteins (long chains of tightly packed

Answer 67

amino acids) are broken down into amino acids

Question 68

ADP:

Answer 68

A compound in metabolism that is essential to the flow of energy in living cells and functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate molecule from Adenosine Triphosphate and is composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups

Question 69

Despite all of its complexity, the body has two simple priorities:

Answer 69

Break the carbon-hydrogen bonds contained in our carbohydrates, proteins and fats Use the energy released to regenerate adenosine-phosphate bonds, forming ATP

Question 70

Think of this like a rechargeable battery. Energy is released by

Answer 70

converting ATP to ADP (uncharged state). And when ADP binds to a third phosphate group again, it’s converted back to ATP (charged state).

Question 71

creatine (Cr):

Answer 71

Organic acid generally found in the muscle as phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate) that supplies energy for muscle contraction.

Question 72

phosophocreatine (PCr):

Answer 72

A phosphate ester of creatine found in vertebrate muscle, where it serves to store phosphates to provide energy for muscular contraction.

Question 73

PCr stores:

Answer 73

limited | provide energy for about ten seconds

Question 74

Glycolysis

Answer 74

“breaking glucose” to form pyruvic acid or lactic acid and ATP.

Question 75

the faster glycolysis occurs,

Answer 75

the more ATP we regenerate.

Question 76

lactic acid actually acts as a hydrogen buffer that

Answer 76

carries hydrogen ions out of our cells

Question 77

glycolytic pathway is able to regenerate ATP and sustain intense physical activity for about __ seconds or so beyond the initial 10s burst the ATP-PCr system delivered

Answer 77

80

Question 78

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 78

is a biochemical process in cells. It is the final metabolic pathway of cellular respiration

Question 79

Carbohydrates are important in the diet for two reasons:

Answer 79

First, they provide the fastest-acting macronutrient source for energy transfer. Second, their storage in the body is quite limited.

Question 80

There are 5 main metabolic pathways through which carbs can travel in their goal of helping with ATP generation.

Answer 80

Glycogenesis: From glucose to stored glycogen Glycogenolysis: From glycogen to glucose Glycolysis: From glucose to pyruvate Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain: Acetyl-CoA to ATP, CO2 and H2O Gluconeogenesis: Non-carbohydrates to glucose

Question 81

Glycogenesis:

Answer 81

The formation of glycogen from sugar.

Question 82

Glycogenolysis:

Answer 82

From glycogen to glucose

Question 83

Glycolysis

Answer 83

From glycogen to glucose

Question 84

Krebs Cycle

Answer 84

Citric acid cycle; a set of 8 reactions, arranged in a cycle, in which free energy is recovered in the form of AT

Question 85

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 85

Chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose.

Question 86

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 86

The passing of electrons over a membrane aiding in a reaction to recover free energy for the synthesis of ATP.

Question 87

Fatty acids and triglycerides have four key roles:

Answer 87

They provide the structure of our plasma membranes. They help regulate hormone function. They help transport certain vitamins and minerals in the body. They act as the largest fuel depot in the body.

Question 88

there are six important metabolic pathways related to fat breakdown and synthesis:

Answer 88

``` Triglyceride and fatty acid mobilization ß-oxidation Ketone formation Fatty acid synthesis Triglyceride synthesis Cholesterol synthesis and catabolism ```

Question 89

ß-oxidation:

Answer 89

The catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA—which enters the citric acid cycle—and NADH and FADH2, which are coenzymes used in the electron transport chain.

Question 90

catabolism:

Answer 90

including all processes in which complex substances are progressively broken down into simpler ones. Example: the catabolism of protein in muscle tissue into component amino acids, such as occurs in intense training.

Question 91

protein:

Answer 91

Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.

Question 92

four specific protein-related physiological processes relevant here.

Answer 92

Amino acid pools Amino acid catabolism Deamination and transamination Protein turnover

Question 93

small calories (cal):

Answer 93

Represent the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree centigrade.

Question 94

large calories (Cal or kcal) or kilocalorie:

Answer 94

Represent the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celcius. In other words, one large Calorie (kcal) is equivalent to 1000 calories (cals). As a unit of metabolism (as in diet and energy expenditure), it is spelled with a capital C; 1 Calorie = 1,000 calories, or 1kilocalorie (kcal).

Question 95

five general metabolic components:

Answer 95

``` Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) Thermic Effect of Feeding (TEF) Exercise Activity Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) ```

Question 96

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 96

The minimum energy required to maintain the body’s life function at rest; BMR accounts for over 70% of the oxygen (and energy) we consume each day

Question 97

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Answer 97

The amount of energy (calories) required to efficiently perform vital bodily functions—such as respiration, organ function, and heart rate—while the body is awake, but at rest.

Question 98

Thermic Effect of Feeding (TEF)

Answer 98

How metabolism responds to the digestion of food and the uptake of nutrients in the blood. estimated to be around 10% of total daily energy expended.

Question 99

Exercise Activity

Answer 99

Physical activity that is performed in order to become stronger and healthier. around 30%+ of total daily energy expended.

Question 100

Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)

Answer 100

Spontaneous physical activity, things like tapping feet and moving hands.

Question 101

total daily energy expenditure (metabolic rate):

Answer 101

A summation of all things your body does both actively and passively to burn calories in 24 hour period.

Question 102

Food affects our health in four ways:

Answer 102

1. It provides energy. 2. It provides metabolic co-factors. 3. It’s incorporated into body structures. 4. It influences chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters..

Question 103

The digestive process can take __-__ hours from mouth to anus.

Answer 103

18-72

Question 104

Energy balance is the relationship between

Answer 104

energy intake and expenditure.

Question 105

The body’s energy needs include the amount of energy required for

Answer 105

maintenance at rest, the amount of energy required for physical activity and movement, and the amount of energy required for food digestion, absorption, and transport.