Unit 1, Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is bioavailability?
A
Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed.
2
Q
What is drug absorption?
A
Entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration.
3
Q
What is drug addiction?
A
Condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior.
4
Q
What is drug dependence?
A
Condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence.
5
Q
What is drug distribution?
A
Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body.
6
Q
What is drug excretion?
A
Elimination of the drug from the body.
7
Q
What is drug metabolism?
A
The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites.
8
Q
What is the drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)?
A
Group of enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs.
9
Q
What is drug tolerance?
A
Decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration.
10
Q
What is enzyme induction?
A
Increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs.
11
Q
What is enzyme inhibition?
A
Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs.
12
Q
What is first-pass metabolism?
A
Drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation.
13
Q
What is half-life?
A
Time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by one-half.
14
Q
What is individual variation?
A
Difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from one person to another.
15
Q
What is intramuscular (IM) injection?
A
Route of drug administration; drug is injected into gluteal or deltoid muscles.
16
Q
What is intravenous (IV) injection?
A
Route of drug administration; drug is injected directly into a vein.
17
Q
What is a loading dose?
A
Initial drug dose administered to rapidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations.
18
Q
What is a maintenance dose?
A
Dose administered to maintain drug levels in blood in the therapeutic range.
19
Q
What is oral administration?
A
Route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing.
20
Q
What is parenteral administration?
A
Route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
21
Q
What is pharmacokinetics?
A
Describes the processes of drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion.
22
Q
Synergism
A
Drugs working together for a better effect.
23
Q
Antagonism
A
Drugs working against each other or counteracting each other’s effect.
24
Q
Distribution
A
Movement of drug from bloodstream into a tissue or organ.
25
Lethal dose
Amount of drug that can cause death.
26
Allergic reaction
Signs include rash, itching, carticoria, and dyspnea.
27
Toxic dose
Amount of drug that can cause dangerous side effects.
28
Maintenance dose
Amount of drug required to keep drug level steady.
29
Metabolism
Breakdown of drug to an inactive state.
30
Idiosyncrasy
Unusual response to a drug, other than expected effect.
31
Tolerance
Decreased response after repeated use of a drug, increased dosage required for effect.
32
Dependence
Acquired need for a drug, with symptoms of withdrawal when discontinued.
33
Teratogenic
Effects on a fetus from maternal use of a drug.
34
Pharmacology
Study of drug therapy on the body.
35
Agonist
A drug that binds to a receptor to cause a desired effect.
36
Parenteral route into the muscle
Intramuscular
37
A tablet placed under the tongue
Sublingual
38
A tablet placed in the cheek pouch
Buccal
39
A tablet dissolved in the mouth for local action
Lozenge (troche)
40
A coated tablet that dissolves in the intestines instead of in the stomach
Enteric-coated
41
A capsule that has delayed action over a longer period of time
Sustained-release
42
A liquid drug form with an alcohol base
Elixir
43
A liquid medication that must be shaken before administration
Suspension
44
Drugs given by the rectal route include
Suppositories and enemas
45
Parenteral route into fatty, connective tissue
Subcutaneous
46
A multiple dosed container for parenteral administration
Vial
47
A single dosed container for parenteral administration
Ampule
48
qd
every day
49
qod
every other day
50
n & v
nausea and vomiting
51
MI.
heart attack
52
syr.
syrup
53
GI
stomach and intestines
54
The beneficial effect of the drug is termed the:
Therapeutic effect
55
The study of how drugs treat a disease is:
Pharmatherapeutics
56
There are four human phases that are "required" in the process of developing a new drug.
False
57
A chemical name is a precise name given to the drug based on it's chemical structure.
True
58
The time-response curve determines potency of a drug.
False
59
The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 determined:
Drugs that enter the market must be safe.
60
This law provided grants to research companies to develop new drugs for diseases or conditions.
Orphan Drug Act
61
Which of the following processes is involved with the break down of drugs?
Metabolism
62
A semi-solid mixture that contains medication in an oily base is called a(n):
Ointment
63
What are the calibrations for an insulin syringe?
units
64
The time it takes to eliminate half of the drug from your body is called:
Half-life
65
All of the following routes avoid the first pass effect EXCEPT:
Oral
66
Lomotil belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 5
67
Fiorinal belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 3
68
Codeine belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 2
69
Amphetamines belong to which drug schedule?
Schedule 2
70
Heroin belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 1
71
LSD belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 1
72
Meperidine belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 2
73
Marijuana belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 1
74
Tylenol c codeine belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 2
75
Valium belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 4
76
Percodan belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 2
77
Vicodin belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 2
78
Ritalin belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 2
79
Robitussin AC belongs to which drug schedule?
Schedule 5
80
Erythromycin
Enzyme Inhibitor
## Footnote
None
81
Calcium-channel-blockers
Enzyme Inhibitor
## Footnote
None
82
Phenytoin
Enzyme Inducer
## Footnote
None
83
Carbamazapine
Enzyme Inducer
## Footnote
None
84
Allopurinol
Enzyme Inhibitor
## Footnote
None
85
Chronic-alcohol-ingestion
Enzyme Inducer
## Footnote
None
86
Short term acute alcohol ingestion
Enzyme Inhibitor
## Footnote
None
87
Smoking
Enzyme Inducer
## Footnote
None
88
Fluoxetin (Prozac)
Enzyme Inhibitor
## Footnote
None
89
Cimetidine (Tagament)
Enzyme Inducer
## Footnote
None
90
Phenobarbital
Enzyme Inducer
## Footnote
None
91
Grapefruit Juice
Enzyme Inhibitor
## Footnote
None
92
What does 'q' mean in the directions for drug #2?
Every
## Footnote
Options included: After meals, Quickly, Quarterly, Before meals.
93
What does 'pc' mean in the directions for drug #3?
After meals
## Footnote
Options included: As needed, Before meals, Pre-consumption.
94
What does 'gtts' mean in the doctor's orders for an antibiotic with directions of 2 gtts au qid for pain?
Drops
## Footnote
Options included: Every, Grams, Grains.
95
'qs' means quantity sufficient. True or False?
True
96
- Pharmacology
the study of drugs
97
- Site of Action
location where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect
i.e. aspirin and the hypothalamus to reduce fever
not all sites of actions are known
98
- Receptor Site
specific location on the site of action where the drug binds to a cell in order to cause an effect
i.e. beta-1 receptors on the heart, opioid receptors in the brain
99
- Mechanism of Action
how a drug produces its effects
i.e. anesthetics interrupt nerve conduction
100
- Agonist Drug
drug binds and produces an effect
mimics
101
- Antagonist Drug
drugs binds and prevents others substances from
producing an effect
blocking drug, blocker, or inhibitor
102
- Lock and Key
drug must “fit”
103
- Physical Dependence
physical symptoms occur without use of the drug
tremors, abdominal cramps, sweating, convulsions
104
- Psychological Dependence
psychological symptoms occur without use of the drug
anxiety, tension, stress
105
- Tolerance
need to take more of the drug to achieve the same effect
increased metabolism of drug
106
- Therapeutic Effect
desired/intended effect of the drug (drug indication).
(When a drug should not be used, it is called a contraindication.)
107
- Side Effect
undesirable effect in addition to the desired effect (not an allergy), i.e. drowsiness, dry mouth
108
- Toxic Effect
side effect that can be harmful or life threatening to the body (drug poisoning)
109
- Additive Effect
When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biologic response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
110
- Synergistic Effect / Synergism
When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects
111
enzyme inducers
increase in the amount of liver enzymes, faster metabolism of drugs, duration of action is decreased
112
enzyme inhibitors
inhibit liver enzymes, slow metabolism of drugs, increases duration and intensity of action
enzyme inhibitors → cimetidine (Tagamet®), erythromycin, allopurinol, Calcium Channel Blockers as a class, fluoxetine (Prozac®), short term alcohol ingestion
113
Define concepts related to Pharmacokinetics (ADME) and factors that influence each of these processes.
Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
114
- Absorption
entrance of the drug into the bloodstream/circulation
Filtration-solids and fluids separate
Passive transport (diffusion) – drugs move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis-diffusion across a semipermeable membrane enabled by water movement
Active transport-uses energy
115
What are Schedule I drugs?
Drugs with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.
## Footnote
Examples include heroin, hallucinogens, and marijuana; these drugs are not to be prescribed.
116
What are Schedule II drugs?
Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use.
## Footnote
Examples include narcotics (morphine and pure codeine), cocaine, amphetamines, and short-acting barbiturates (Amobarbital, Secobarbital); no refills without a new written prescription from the physician.
117
What are Schedule III drugs?
Drugs with moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use.
## Footnote
Examples include moderate- and intermediate-acting barbiturates, dronabinol, anabolic steroids, and preparations containing codeine plus another drug; prescription required, may be refilled five times in 6 months when authorized by the physician.
118
What are Schedule IV drugs?
Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use.
## Footnote
Examples include phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, zolpidem (Ambien), and antianxiety drugs (Librium, Valium); prescription required, may be refilled five times in 6 months when authorized by the physician.
119
What are Schedule V drugs?
Drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use.
## Footnote
Examples include narcotic drugs used in limited quantities for antitussive (codeine) and antidiarrheal purposes (diphenoxylate, Lomotil); drugs can be sold only by a registered pharmacist; buyer must be 18 years old and show identification. Some states require a prescription for this class of drugs.
120
What does incompatibility refer to?
Usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or other container
121
What are additive effects?
When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biologic response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
122
What is summation in pharmacology?
When the combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biologic response but by a different mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
123
What does synergism mean?
When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects
124
What is bioavailability?
Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed.
125
What is drug absorption?
Entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration.
126
What is drug addiction?
Condition of drug abuse and drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior.
127
What is drug dependence?
Condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence.
128
What is drug distribution?
Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body.
129
What is drug excretion?
Elimination of the drug from the body.
130
What is drug metabolism?
The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites.
131
What is the drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)?
Group of enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs.
132
What is drug tolerance?
Decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration.
133
What is enzyme induction?
Increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs.
134
What is enzyme inhibition?
Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs.
135
What is first-pass metabolism?
Drug metabolism that occurs in the intestines and liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation.
136
What is half-life?
Time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by one-half.
137
What is individual variation?
Difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from one person to another.
138
What is intramuscular (IM) injection?
Route of drug administration; drug is injected into gluteal or deltoid muscles.
139
What is intravenous (IV) injection?
Route of drug administration; drug is injected directly into a vein.
140
What is a loading dose?
Initial drug dose administered to rapidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations.
141
What is a maintenance dose?
Dose administered to maintain drug levels in blood in the therapeutic range.
142
What is oral administration?
Route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing.
143
What is parenteral administration?
Route of drug administration that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
144
What is pharmacokinetics?
Describes the processes of drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, and drug excretion.
145
5. In what unit is insulin ordered?
units
146
6. Identify calibrations for Insulin (units)
2 units calibration
147
tuberculin syringe – 1 ml
0.01 calibration
148
Syringes
3ml (0.1)
0.1ml
149
Syringes
5ml (0.2)
0.2ml
150
Syringes
10ml (0.5)
0.5ml
151
Difference between a ampule and a vial
Ampule
Usually glass container
Single dose use
Use a filtered needle to draw out solution
Broken open
Vial
Multi-use container
Glass or plastic
Sealed
Sterilize the top
152
Define gauge
Gauge
The larger the number, the thinner the needle.
The smaller the number, the thicker the needle.
i.e. 18 gauge is thinner than 16 gauge.
153
- Diffusion
diffusion is the process by which a drug moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
154
- Osmosis
a process of movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
155
- Filtration
a physical or mechanical process that separates solids from liquids or gases
156
- Passive Transport
a process that moves drugs across cell membranes without using energy
157
- Active Transport
the process of moving substances across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
158
Enteral - define: 1) oral
PO (by mouth)
The oral administration route is the safest and the most convenient method. Oral administration usually requires 30 to 60 minutes before significant absorption from the GI tract occurs; therefore, the onset of drug action is delayed.
159
Enteral - define: 2) nasogastric
(NG) tube
(tube’s integrity is assessed, solutions are preferred, pills must be crushed/mixed with liquid, tube must be flushed after administration, do not mix medications)
160
Enteral-define: 3) Rectal
(enemas, suppositories)
When patient cannot take oral medications and parenteral is not indicated, also for local effects
Analgesics, laxatives
161
Parenteral: intradermal
within or between the layers of the skin
162
Parenteral: subcutaneous
situated or applied under the skin.
Or sub Q goes into the fat (used for insulin)
163
Parenteral: intramuscular
Goes into the muscle, like a gluteal injection, which is in the hip or in the gluteal muscle
164
Parenteral: intravenous
IV - goes in the vein
165
Parenteral: intrathecal
into the spine
166
Transdermal
goes into the dermis
167
Intraocular
goes into the eye
168
Intra-respiratory
goes into the lungs
169
Intravaginal
goes into the vagina
170
Intrauterine
goes into the uterus
171
Intranasal
relating to the nose or administered through the nose
goes into nasal
172
Otic
goes into eye
173
Buccal
goes into the cheek
174
Sublingual
goes on or under the tongue
175
Topical
on the surface of the skin
176
(creams-semi-solid with water base
ointments-semi-solid with oily base
177
Endotracheal
goes into the trachea
178
Oral medicine
Most medications—aspirin, sedatives, hypnotics, antibiotics
179
Sublingual
Nitroglycerin in angina pectoris
180
Buccal
Androgenic drugs
181
Rectal
Analgesics, laxatives
182
Transdermal
Nitroglycerin, estrogen
183
Subcutaneous (SC)
Insulin
184
Intramuscular (IM)
Narcotic analgesics, antibiotics
185
Intravenous (IV)
IV fluids (dextrose), nutrient supplementation, antibiotics
186
Intraarterial
Cancer drugs
187
Intrathecal
Spinal anesthesia with lidocaine
188
Inhalation
Antiasthmatic medications such as epinephrine
189
Topical
Creams and ointments
190
Vaginal
Creams, foams, and suppositories
191
What is another term for the mechanism of action of a drug?
pharmacodynamics
192
Identify the different parts to a prescription.
-DEA Number
-Prescriber Information
-Patient Information
-Date prescription was written
-Subscription
-Inscription
-Signa
-Special Instructions
193
Time-Plasma Drug Concentration Curve or Time-Response Curve
onset of action-first observable effect
duration of action-length
continued metabolism and excretion → decreased drug levels, decreased response
Frequency
194
Identify who can write prescriptions
physicians, dentists, podiatrists, NP, PA, or veterinarians may issue prescriptions
195
Discuss who has a DEA number.
Presciber:
DEA number
series of numbers assigned to a health care provider allowing them to write prescriptions for controlled substances
assigned by the DEA
to be used for tracking controlled substances
must be listed on all narcotic prescriptions
196
- Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
curbed drug addiction or dependence
established the word “narcotic”
proved that narcotic drugs produced physical and/or psychological dependence
charged a tax on all who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes
“Warning: may be habit forming”-direct result
197
- Durham-Humphrey Amendment
designed the “Birth of the Legend” (classification of prescription vs OTC drugs)
198
- Kefauver Harris Act
drug products must be effective and safe
testing must be done in several animal species before it can be tested on humans
enforced by the FDA
199
- Federal Food and Drug Act
agency of the U.S. Health and Human Services
regulates and supervises safety and effectiveness of all drugs
protects the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices
ensures the safety of our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation
200
- Pure Drug and Food Act
protection from adulterated or mislabeled drugs
drugs must meet standards of strength and purity
201
- Orphan Drug Act
provided grants to research companies to develop new drugs for rare diseases or conditions
202
- Controlled Substance Act
created controlled substances categories based on potential for abuse and medical effectiveness
regulated dispensing of controlled substances
assigned five categories
limited the number of prescription refills for controlled substances
amended in 1990, enforced by the Drug Enforcement Agency
203
- Sherley Amendment
prohibited fraudulent therapeutic claims by drug companies
204
What does Pregnancy Category A indicate?
Drug studies in pregnant women have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus.
205
What does Pregnancy Category B indicate?
Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk.
206
What does Pregnancy Category C indicate?
Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown.
207
What does Pregnancy Category D indicate?
Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy.
208
What does Pregnancy Category X indicate?
Drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy.
209
What does NR stand for in pregnancy categories?
Drug has not yet been rated by FDA.
210
What is Phase 1 of drug testing?
Involves 20-100 healthy volunteers or people with disease to determine safety and dosage.
211
What is Phase 2 of drug testing?
Involves several hundred volunteers with disease/condition to determine drug effectiveness and side effects.
212
What is Phase 3 of drug testing?
Involves 300-3,000 patients at medical research centers to determine adverse side effects and efficacy.
213
What is Phase 4 of drug testing?
Involves several thousand volunteers with the disease/condition after FDA approval for continued post-marketing safety monitoring.
214
First-Pass Effect
After oral administration, all drugs are absorbed into the portal circulation, which transports the drugs to the liver before they are distributed throughout the body.
Some drugs are metabolized significantly as they pass through the liver this first time.
This effect is referred to as first-pass metabolism.
It can significantly reduce bioavailability and the amount of active drug that reaches the general circulation.
215
Half-life
The half-life of a drug is the time required for the blood or plasma concentration of the drug to fall to half of its original level.
For example, after two half-lives only 25 percent of the drug that was absorbed remains in the blood.
Half-life is important in determining the frequency of drug administration.
216
Incompatibility
Usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or other container
217
Bioavailability
Bioavailability is the percentage of the dose of a drug that is actually absorbed into the bloodstream.
Differences in drug formulation, route of administration, and factors that affect GI absorption can influence bioavailability.
A particular drug may be manufactured by many different drug companies and sold under different trade names.
In these situations, the amount of drug may be the same in each product, but the product may be different because of particle size, binders, fillers, and tablet coating.
These differences may alter bioavailability. There have been examples of this in the past. Now, however, the Food and page 25Drug Administration (FDA) regulates and requires bioavailability testing.
218
Reconstitution
the process of adding a liquid diluent to a dry ingredient to make a specific concentration of liquid
219
What does 'A' indicate regarding drug studies in pregnant women?
Drug studies in pregnant women have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus.
220
What does 'B' indicate about drug studies in pregnant women?
Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women; animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk.
221
What does 'C' indicate about drug studies and fetal risk?
Drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown.
222
What does 'D' indicate regarding the risk of drugs to the fetus?
Drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. The benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy.
223
What does 'X' indicate about drug contraindications in pregnancy?
Drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy.
224
What does 'NR' mean regarding drug ratings?
Drug has not yet been rated by FDA.
225
226
What does Therapeutic Index (TI) measure?
It provides a quantitative measure of the relative safety of a drug.
227
What is the formula for calculating Therapeutic Index (TI)?
TI = LD50 / ED50
228
What does LD50 represent?
LD50 is the dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of lab animals tested.
229
What does ED50 represent?
ED50 is the dose required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of a similar population.
230
What is a receptor?
A reactive cellular site with which a drug interacts to produce a pharmacologic effect.
231
What does affinity refer to in pharmacology?
The propensity of a drug to bind or attach itself to a given receptor site.
232
What is efficacy in the context of drugs?
The drug’s ability to initiate biologic activity as a result of binding.
233
What is an agonist?
A drug that combines with receptors and initiates a sequence of biochemical and physiologic changes; possesses both affinity and efficacy.
234
What is an antagonist?
An agent designed to inhibit or counteract effects produced by other drugs or undesired effects caused by cellular components during illness.
235
What is a competitive antagonist?
An agent with an affinity for the same receptor site as an agonist, inhibiting the action of the agonist through competition (reversible).
236
What is a noncompetitive antagonist?
An agent that combines with different parts of the receptor mechanism and inactivates the receptor, preventing the agonist from being effective regardless of its concentration (irreversible).
237
What are examples of drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system?
Examples include drugs that act as agonists or antagonists within the autonomic nervous system.
238
What are the enteral routes?
1. Oral
2. Nasogastric
3. Buccal
4. Sublingual
5. Rectal
239
What are the parenteral routes?
1. Intravenous
2. Intrpleural
3. Intra-arterial
4. Intra-articular
5. Intracisternal
6. Intracardiac
7. Intraperitoneal
8. Intraspinal
9. Introsseous
10. Intrathecal
11. Intramuscular
12. Subcutaneous
13. Intradermal
240
What are the percutaneous routes?
1. Transdermal
2. Topical
3. Introcular
4. Intrarespiratory
5. Intravaginal
6. Intrauterine
7. Intraurethral
8. Intranasal
9. Otic
10. Intravesical
11. Endotracheal
241
What are aerosols?
Active pharmaceutical agents in a pressurized container.
242
What are capsules?
(1) Soft gelatin shell manufactured in one piece in which the drug is in a liquid form inside the shell; (2) hard shell manufactured in two pieces that fit together and hold the drug, which is in a powdered or granular form.
243
What is a cream?
Semi-solid emulsion of drug, oil, and water, with water as the main ingredient. Emulsifying agents are added to keep the oil and water mixed together.
## Footnote
Example: hydrocortisone cream for skin inflammation.
244
What are elixirs?
Solutions containing alcohol, sugar, and water, used as flavoring agents or solvents.
245
What are emulsions?
Suspensions of fat globules in water (or water globules in fat) with an emulsifying agent.
246
What are gels?
Aqueous suspensions of insoluble drugs in hydrated form.
247
What is a liniment?
A mixture of drugs with oil, soap, water, or alcohol intended for external application with rubbing.
## Footnote
Example: camphor liniment.
248
What are long-acting (LA) sustained-release (SR) formulations?
Active pharmaceutical agents layered in tablet form or placed in pellets within a capsule, releasing over 8 to 24 hours.
249
What are lotions?
Aqueous preparations containing suspended materials intended for soothing, local application.
250
What is a lozenge?
Round, flat tablets formed from a hardened base of sugar and water containing the drug, allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth.
## Footnote
Example: Cepacol lozenges.
251
What are ointments?
Mixtures of drugs with a fatty base for external applications, usually by rubbing.
## Footnote
Example: Ben Gay ointment.
252
What are pills?
Single-dose units made by mixing powdered drug with a liquid and rolling it into a round or oval shape.
253
What are powders?
Single-dose quantities of a drug or mixture of drugs in powdered form wrapped separately in powder papers.
## Footnote
Example: Seidlitz powder.
254
What are tinctures?
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from drugs.
## Footnote
Example: iodine tincture.
255
What is a troche?
Oblong tablet that dissolves in the mouth.
## Footnote
Example: nystatin (Mycostatin Pastilles).
256
What are solutions?
Aqueous liquid preparations containing one or more substances completely dissolved.
257
What are spirits?
Alcoholic solutions of volatile substances, also known as essences.
## Footnote
Example: essence of peppermint.
258
What are suppositories?
Mixtures of drugs with a firm base molded for insertion into a body orifice.
## Footnote
Example: Fulracin vaginal suppositories.
259
What are syrups?
Aqueous solutions of sugar, which may or may not have medicinal substances added.
## Footnote
Example: simple syrup.
260
What are tablets?
Single-dose units made by compressing powdered drugs in a suitable mold.
## Footnote
Example: aspirin tablets.
