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Pharmacology HRPS 2300 > Unit 5 - Pearls 2 iteration > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Pearls 2 iteration Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Appetite control center

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2
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers

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3
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance and equilibrium

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4
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

Memory, abstract thought, and problem solving

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5
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA, dopamine

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6
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate, Ach, NE, EPI, serotonin

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7
Q

What neurotransmitters are deficient in Unipolar Depression?

A

Norepinephrine, serotonin

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8
Q

What are the drug classifications that treat depression?

A

TCAs, SSRIs, MAO inhibitors

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9
Q

What do TCAs do?

A

They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine back into nerve terminals.

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10
Q

What do SSRIs do?

A

They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin back into the nerve terminals.

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11
Q

What do MAO inhibitors do?

A

They inhibit the reuptake of NE back into the nerve terminals.

Inhibit MAO therefore causing rise of NE in synaptic cleft. Patients must avoid all foods that contain tyramine.

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12
Q

What characterizes Bipolar Depression?

A

Occurrence of depressive episodes and one or more elated mood episodes and hyperactivity.

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Bipolar Depression?

A

Supportive psychotherapy and medication management.

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14
Q

What agents can normalize catecholamine activity in bipolar disorders?

A

Lithium, antipsychotics, antiepileptics, benzodiazepines

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15
Q

What is a unique property of Lithium?

A

It can excite or calm down neurons when needed.

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16
Q

What are signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity?

A

Dehydration, photosensitivity, metallic taste, fine hand tremors, gout, N, V, D

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17
Q

What causes Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Too much acetylcholine and not enough dopamine.

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18
Q

What are drug classifications that lower levels of acetylcholine?

A

Anticholinergic, antihistamine

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19
Q

What are drug classifications that increase levels of dopamine?

A

Dopaminergic, MAO inhibitors, anti-viral

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20
Q

What is the drug of choice to terminate a sustained seizure?

A

Diazepam (Valium)

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21
Q

What do antiepileptic drugs do?

A

Decrease severity of seizures and inhibit neuronal excitability.

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22
Q

What is a classification of anti-seizure medications?

A

Hydantoins, e.g., phenytoin (Dilantin)

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23
Q

What do analgesics do?

A

Relieve pain without affecting consciousness.

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24
Q

What treats acute pain?

A

Opiates and narcotics

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25
What factors must a physician consider when selecting an analgesic?
Type, severity, and duration of pain
26
What are potential side effects of opiates/narcotics?
Sedation, euphoria, dysphoria, constipation, urinary retention, miosis, respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, emesis (low doses), anti-emetic (high doses)
27
What is the drug of choice to reverse opioid overdose?
Naloxone (Narcan)
28
When should opiates/narcotics be held?
When vital signs are low.
29
What is acute pain?
A state of severe discomfort with sudden onset that subsides with treatment.
30
What is chronic pain?
Persistent pain that continues for more than 6 months.
31
What is visceral pain?
Pain originating in smooth musculature, often dull and aching.
32
What is somatic pain?
Pain arising in skeletal muscles, easier to identify and treat.
33
What do sedatives/hypnotics do?
Reduce anxiety in low doses and induce sleep in high doses.
34
What can benzodiazepines treat?
Anxiety, insomnia, seizures, preanesthesia
35
What can barbiturates treat?
Anxiety, insomnia, seizures, anesthetics (during surgery)
36
What are adverse effects of sedatives/hypnotics?
Decreased awareness, amnesia, lethargy, uncoordinated movements.
37
What causes psychoses (Schizophrenia)?
Too much dopamine being produced in the brain.
38
What medication should be used for aggressive behavior in schizophrenia?
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
39
What is the preferred treatment for the majority of schizophrenia?
Second Generation (Atypical) antipsychotic medications.
40
What are Non-Opioid Analgesics?
Non-Opioid Analgesics include NSAIDs and Salicylates.
41
What is the MOA of NSAIDs?
NSAIDs treat inflammation by inhibiting the pathway of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibiting COX.
42
What are the uses of NSAIDs?
NSAIDs are used as antipyretics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories.
43
What are the side effects of NSAIDs?
Side effects include ulcers and GI upset. ## Footnote Remember, it disrupts the stomach lining-more acid.
44
What are Salicylates?
Salicylates are a type of Non-Opioid Analgesic that block COX-1 and COX-2.
45
What is the MOA of Salicylates?
Salicylates inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, suppress the heat center, and inhibit platelet aggregation.
46
What are some examples of Salicylates?
Examples include aspirin (Anacin®, Bayer®, Bufferin®).
47
What are the uses of Salicylates?
Salicylates are used as analgesics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatories, and for anti-coagulation.
48
What are the side effects of Salicylates?
Side effects include GI upset, irritation of mucosa, ulcers, nausea, Reyes syndrome, and tinnitus. ## Footnote Administer sodium bicarbonate, fluid, and electrolytes for toxicity.
49
What is acetaminophen commonly known as?
Tylenol®
50
What are the uses of acetaminophen?
Fever and mild pain
51
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of acetaminophen?
Much is still unknown; acts on heat regulation center; inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and formation in CNS but does not have anti-inflammatory properties.
52
What is a significant side effect of acetaminophen?
Hepatotoxicity
53
What should be avoided while taking acetaminophen?
Alcohol
54
What is the antidote for acetaminophen overdose?
Acetylcysteine
55
What do sedatives do?
Reduce the desire for physical activity and produce mental relaxation ## Footnote Sedatives are often used to help patients relax and reduce anxiety.
56
What is the primary function of hypnotics?
Induce and maintain sleep ## Footnote Hypnotics are particularly useful for patients suffering from insomnia.
57
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of barbiturates?
Depress the CNS, mimic GABA by increasing chloride influx causing hyperpolarization of nerve membranes, decreases reticular formation activity ## Footnote Barbiturates have been largely replaced by safer medications but are still significant in understanding sedative-hypnotics.
58
Name three barbiturates.
* secobarbital (Seconal®) * phenobarbital (Luminal®) * pentobarbital (Nembutal®) ## Footnote These drugs are used for various medical purposes including sedation and seizure control.
59
What are some side effects of barbiturates?
* Disrupt sleep cycle/loss of REM sleep * Dry mouth * Lethargy * Drowsiness * Depressed reflexes/impaired judgement * Monitor for tolerance/addiction ## Footnote These side effects can significantly impact a patient's daily functioning.
60
What is the MOA of non-barbiturates like chloral hydrate?
Metabolized to trichloroethanol, similar to alcohol, used for pediatric sedation with tests/procedures ## Footnote This class of drugs is particularly useful in children due to its sedative effects.
61
What are some side effects of non-barbiturates?
* CNS depression * Gastric irritation ## Footnote Caution is advised when prescribing these medications due to their side effects.
62
What is the MOA of nonbenzodiazepines?
Increase inhibitory effects of GABA ## Footnote Nonbenzodiazepines are often used for sleep issues due to their sedative properties.
63
Name three nonbenzodiazepines.
* zolpidem (Ambien®) * eszopiclone (Lunesta®) * zaleplon (Sonata®) ## Footnote These medications are used to treat insomnia and improve sleep quality.
64
What are some side effects of nonbenzodiazepines?
* Headaches * Dizziness * GI upset * Memory disturbance * Confusion ## Footnote Monitoring for dependence and tolerance is crucial with these medications.
65
What is the MOA of benzodiazepines?
Increase the inhibitory activity of GABA and also used as anti-anxiety drugs ## Footnote Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for both anxiety and sleep disorders.
66
Name a common benzodiazepine.
temazepam (Restoril®) ## Footnote This medication is often used for short-term treatment of insomnia.
67
What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?
* Hangover effect possible * Drowsiness * Headache * Monitor for tolerance/dependence ## Footnote Patients should be advised not to operate heavy machinery while on these medications.
68
True or False: Alcohol should be avoided while taking benzodiazepines and barbiturates.
True ## Footnote Alcohol can significantly enhance the CNS depressant effects of these medications.
69
What characterizes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Unpleasant feeling, uneasiness, fear, or worry occurring more days than not over 6 months ## Footnote GAD can significantly impair functioning in social and occupational settings.
70
What are some symptoms of anxiety disorders?
* Restlessness * Easily fatigued * Difficulty concentrating * Irritability * Muscle tension * Sleep disturbance ## Footnote These symptoms can vary in severity and duration.
71
What are some non-pharmacological therapies for anxiety?
* Counseling groups * Listening to music * Meditation * Exercise * Environmental/atmosphere changes * Aromatherapy * Friends/family ## Footnote Non-pharmacological approaches can be effective in managing anxiety.
72
What is the MOA of anxiolytics/anti-anxiety drugs?
Increases inhibitory action of GABA and decreases CNS activity ## Footnote These drugs target the limbic system to reduce emotional responses.
73
Name two categories of anxiolytics.
* Benzodiazepines * Nonbenzodiazepines/Azapirones ## Footnote Each category has distinct mechanisms and uses.
74
What is the MOA of azapirones?
Binds to serotonin (5HT), reduces levels of 5HT and level of anxiety ## Footnote Azapirones have a lower abuse potential compared to benzodiazepines.
75
What is a common azapirone drug?
buspirone ## Footnote This medication is often prescribed for chronic anxiety.
76
What are some side effects of azapirones?
* Dizziness * Lightheadedness * Feeling tired ## Footnote The full therapeutic effect may take several weeks to manifest.
77
What might be a suitable medication for someone experiencing severe anxiety due to personal problems?
Anxiolytics/Anti-anxiety drugs may be beneficial ## Footnote Individualized treatment plans are necessary for effective management.
78
What is the brand name for meperidine?
Demerol™
79
What is the brand name for fentanyl?
Sublimaze™, Duragesic™
80
What is the brand name for morphine sulfate?
Morphine™, MS Contin™
81
What is the brand name for codeine sulfate?
Codeine™
82
What is the brand name for methadone?
Dolophine™, Methadose™
83
What is the brand name for oxycodone?
Oxycontin™
84
What is the brand name for hydromorphone?
Dilaudid™
85
What is the brand name for naloxone?
Narcan™
86
What is the brand name for naltrexone?
Trexan™, Revia™
87
What is the brand name for butorphanol?
Stadol™
88
What is the brand name for nalbuphine?
Nubain™
89
What is the brand name for pentazocine?
Talwin™
90
What is the brand name for acetaminophen?
Tylenol™
91
What is the brand name for aspirin?
Anacin™, Bayer™, Bufferin™
92
What is the brand name for ibuprofen?
Advil™, Motrin™
93
What is the brand name for naproxen?
Aleve™, Naprosyn™
94
What is the brand name for piroxicam?
Feldene™
95
What is the brand name for meloxicam?
Mobic™
96
What is the brand name for ketorolac?
97
What is the brand name for celecoxib?
Celebrex™
98
What is the brand name for ASA/caffeine/butalbital?
Fiorinal™
99
What is the brand name for APAP/caffeine/butalbital?
Fioricet™
100
What is the brand name for APAP/codeine?
Tylenol with Codeine™
101
What is the brand name for hydrocodone/APAP?
Vicodin™, Norco™
102
What is the brand name for colchicine?
Colcrys™
103
What is the brand name for allopurinol?
Zyloprim™
104
What is the brand name for probenecid?
Benemid™
105
What is the brand name for phenytoin?
Dilantin™
106
What is the brand name for ethosuximide?
Zarontin™
107
What is the brand name for valproic acid?
Depakene™
108
What is the brand name for divalproex, valproate sodium?
Depakote™
109
What is the brand name for carbamazepine?
Tegretol™
110
What is the brand name for gabapentin?
Neurontin™
111
What is the brand name for lamotrigine?
Lamictal™
112
What is the brand name for levetiracetam?
Keppra™
113
What is the brand name for tiagabine?
Gabitril™
114
What is the brand name for topiramate?
Topamax™
115
What is the brand name for diazepam?
Valium™
116
What is the brand name for lorazepam?
Ativan™
117
What is the brand name for amitriptyline?
Elavil™
118
What is the brand name for doxepin?
Sinequan™
119
What is the brand name for imipramine?
Tofranil™
120
What is the brand name for isocarboxazid?
Marplan™
121
What is the brand name for tranylcypromine?
Parnate™
122
What is the brand name for phenelzine?
Nardil™
123
What is the brand name for fluoxetine?
Prozac™
124
What is the brand name for paroxetine?
Paxil™
125
What is the brand name for sertraline?
Zoloft™
126
What is the brand name for citalopram?
Celexa™
127
What is the brand name for escitalopram?
Lexapro™
128
What is the brand name for venlafaxine?
Effexor™
129
What is the brand name for duloxetine?
Cymbalta™
130
What is the brand name for desvenlafaxine?
Pristiq™
131
What is the brand name for bupropion?
Wellbutrin™
132
What is the brand name for trazodone?
Desyrel™
133
What is the brand name for mirtazapine?
Remeron™
134
What is the brand name for lithium carbonate?
Lithium™
135
What is the brand name for chlorpromazine?
Thorazine™
136
What is the brand name for promethazine?
Phenergan™
137
What is the brand name for thioridazine?
Mellaril™
138
What is the brand name for haloperidol?
Haldol™
139
What is the brand name for thiothixene?
Navane™
140
What is the brand name for benztropine?
Cogentin™
141
What is the brand name for trihexyphenidyl?
Artane™
142
What is the brand name for diphenhydramine?
Benadryl™
143
What is the brand name for clozapine?
Clozaril™
144
What is the brand name for risperidone?
Risperdal™
145
What is the brand name for olanzapine?
Zyprexa™
146
What is the brand name for aripiprazole?
Abilify™
147
What is the brand name for quetiapine?
Seroquel™
148
What is the brand name for levodopa?
l-dopa™
149
What is the brand name for levodopa-carbidopa?
Sinemet™
150
What is the brand name for bromocriptine?
Parlodel™
151
What is the brand name for pramipexole?
Mirapex™
152
What is the brand name for selegiline?
Eldepryl™
153
What is the brand name for diphenhydramine in Parkinson's treatment?
Benadryl™
154
What is the brand name for amantadine?
Symmetrel™
155
What is the brand name for alprazolam?
Xanax™
156
What is the brand name for lorazepam (short acting)?
Ativan™
157
What is the brand name for temazepam?
Restoril™
158
What is the brand name for triazolam?
Halcion™
159
What is the brand name for midazolam?
Versed™
160
What is the brand name for clonazepam?
Klonopin™
161
What is the brand name for phenobarbital?
Luminal™
162
What is the brand name for pentobarbital?
Nembutal™
163
What is the brand name for secobarbital?
Seconal™
164
What is the brand name for chloral hydrate?
Noctec™
165
What is the brand name for zaleplon?
Sonata™
166
What is the brand name for zolpidem?
Ambien™
167
What is the brand name for eszopiclone?
Lunesta™
168
What is the brand name for cocaine?
169
What is the brand name for benzocaine?
Solarcaine™
170
What is the brand name for procaine?
Novocaine™
171
What is the brand name for lidocaine?
Xylocaine™
172
What is the brand name for bupivacaine?
Marcaine™
173
What is the brand name for nitrous oxide?
174
What is the brand name for halothane?
Fluothane™
175
What is the brand name for sevoflurane?
Ultane™
176
What is the brand name for desflurane?
Suprane™
177
What is the brand name for propofol?

Pharmacology HRPS 2300 (23 decks)

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