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BIO201 > Unit 1: Histology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Histology

A

The study of cells and tissues.

study of tissues and how they form organs

Hist = Tissue
Ology = Study of

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Tissue
group of similar cells and cell products

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3
Q

Organ

A

Organ
composed of 2 or more tissue types (almost always connective and epithelial)

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4
Q

What are the Four primary tissue classes in the body?

A

Four primary tissue classes in the body

-Epithelial tissue
-Connective tissue
-Muscular tissue
-Nervous tissue

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5
Q

What Differences between tissues are be used to categorize tissue type?

A

Differences between tissues that can be used to categorize tissue type

-Type and function of cells

-Characteristics of the matrix (ECM)

-Amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

1) One or more layers of closely adhering cells (very little ECM or stuff outside the cell)

2) Forms a flat sheet with the upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal body cavity

-one side of tissue exposed to open free space

-Avascular - depends on underlying connective tissue for oxygen (blood supply)

3) Sits on basement membrane

-thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins

-anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue

Notes:
-Surface of something
-sheetlike
-typically touch each other
main function = protection

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7
Q

basement membrane

A

basement membrane

-thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins

-anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue

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8
Q

epi

A

Upon

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9
Q

Two types of epithelial tissue:

A

1) Covering and lining epithelium

2) Glandular epithelium

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10
Q

Epithelial tissues is named for ___________ and __________ (of apical cells)

A

1) # of layers
2) shape of cells

simple = one layer
stratified = many layers

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11
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissue

A

Functions include:
-Protection
-Absorption
-Filtration
-Excretion
-Secretion
-Sensory reception

*Function related to location

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12
Q

Layers of Epithelium

A

1) Simple epithelium

-contains one layer of cells
-named for shape of cells

2) Stratified epithelium

-contains more than one layer
-named for shape of apical (surface) cells
-deepest cells (basal cells) sit on basement membrane

3) Pseudostratified

-Simple epithelium that appears stratified

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13
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Simple epithelium

-contains one layer of cells

-named for shape of cells

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14
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Stratified epithelium

-contains more than one layer

-named for shape of apical (surface) cells

-deepest cells (basal cells) sit on basement membrane

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15
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Pseudostratified

-Simple epithelium that appears stratified

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16
Q

What are the 3 Shapes of Epithelial cells

A

1) Squamous (flat/scale like)

-Allows rapid diffusion of substances; secretes serous fluid

2) Cuboidal (square)

-Absorption & secretion; produces mucus

3) Columnar (rectangular)

-Absorption & secretion; secretion of mucus

-Often ciliated (have little hair like structures)

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17
Q

Squamous Shape epithelial cell

A

Squamous (flat/scale like)

-Allows rapid diffusion of substances; secretes serous fluid

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18
Q

Cuboidal shape epithelial cell

A

Cuboidal (square)

-Absorption & secretion; produces mucus

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19
Q

Columnar shape epithelial cell

A

Columnar (rectangular)

-Absorption & secretion; secretion of mucus

-Often ciliated (have little hair like structures)

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20
Q

A single layer of cube shaped cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

Multiple layers of cells, the superficial layers are flat cells and the deep layers are cube shaped

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

A single layer of column shaped cells (muscle)

A

simple columnar epithelium

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23
Q

A single layer of cells that appears to have multiple layers (connective)

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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24
Q

A single layer of flat cells

A

simple squamous

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25
Glands are classified as _________ (even if they are not associated with __________)
-epithelial tissues -free surfaces
26
Two types of glands
– Endocrine and exocrine
27
Glands...
...secrete substances for elimination or for use elsewhere in the body
28
Exocrine glands...
maintain connection to surface with a duct (tube)
29
Endocrine glands...
have no ducts but secrete their products (hormones) directly into bloodstream
30
Mucus traps
pathogens
31
Not unique to epithelial tissue but are most common
Intercellular junctions
32
What are the three types of glandular secretions?
1) Serous glands -produce thin, watery secretions (sweat, milk, tears and digestive juices) 2) Mucous glands -produce a glycoprotein, mucin, that absorbs water to form a sticky secretion called mucus 3) Cytogenic glands -release whole cells (testis and ovary) -produce sperm and egg cells
33
Serous glands
Serous glands -produce thin, watery secretions (sweat, milk, tears and digestive juices)
34
Mucous glands
Mucous glands -produce a glycoprotein, mucin, that absorbs water to form a sticky secretion called mucus
35
Cytogenic glands
Cytogenic glands -release whole cells (testis and ovary) -produce sperm and egg cells
36
Intercellular Junctions
All cells except blood cells are anchored to each other by intercellular junctions (or to the matrix surrounding them by adhesion proteins)
37
What are the types of Intercellualr Junctions?
1) Tight 2) Desmosomes (Adhesion) 3) Gap
38
Desmosomes
-Patch between 2 cells holding them together against mechanical stress -CONNECT CELLS -gap between cells is spanned by mesh of filaments -sometimes called adhesion junction like upholstery thread; sew cells together strong
39
Tight Junctions
-Encircle the cell, joining it to surrounding cells -BARRIER -prevents substances and bacteria from passing between cells -close together -not strong -near surface of cells -like velcro
40
Gap Junctions
-Transmembrane proteins form a water-filled channel -Small solutes (metabolites and ions) pass directly from cell to cell -CELL COMMUNICATION aka electrical synapse -open holes from one cell to another -tell or give another cell something
41
Connective Tissue
-Consists of widely spaced cells separated by fibers and ground substance (ECM) -Most abundant and variable tissue type Functions: -connects structures to each other -gives support and protection (physical & immune) -stores energy -movement and transport of materials
42
What are the Structural Elements of connective tissue?
-Ground Substance (ECM) -Fibers (ECM) Cells
43
Ground substance and Fibers are collectively called ...
the matrix (ECM = extracellular matrix)
44
Describe the ground substance of connective tissue.
-Gelatinous or rubbery material found in between cells -Consists of large molecules --proteoglycans (Protein-carbohydrate complexes embedded in plasma membranes create a strong bond to other cells or extracellular matrix) --adhesive glycoproteins (protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane to collagen or proteoglycans outside the cells)
45
describe proteoglycans
proteoglycans (Protein-carbohydrate complexes embedded in plasma membranes create a strong bond to other cells or extracellular matrix) -part of ground substance of connective tissue
46
describe adhesive glycoproteins
adhesive glycoproteins (protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane to collagen or proteoglycans outside the cells) -part of ground substance of connective tissue
47
What are the three fibers of connective tissue?
1) Collagen fibers -Made of the protein collagen tough (stronger than steel fibers of the same diameter!) -resistant to stretch, yet flexible tendons, ligaments and deep layer of the skin (dermis) 2) Reticular fibers -thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein -form framework for spleen and lymph nodes 3) Elastic fibers -thin branching fibers made of elastin -stretch & recoil like a rubber band (elasticity) -give skin, lungs and arteries ability to stretch and recoil
48
Describe Collagen fibers
Collagen fibers -Made of the protein collagen tough (stronger than steel fibers of the same diameter!) -resistant to stretch, yet flexible tendons, ligaments and deep layer of the skin (dermis)
49
Describe Reticular fibers
Reticular fibers -thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein -form framework for spleen and lymph nodes
50
Describe Elastic Fibers
Elastic Fibers -thin branching fibers made of elastin -stretch & recoil like a rubber band (elasticity) -give skin, lungs and arteries ability to stretch and recoil
51
Describe the cells of connective tissue
1) Blast cells – mitotic cells that secrete ground substance and fibers for the matrix --Fibroblasts produce protein fibers and ground substance --Chrondroblasts – product cartilage --Osteoblasts – form bony matrix --Hemocytoblasts – form blood cells *Different from other blast cells because they are not located within their own tissue (they are located in bone marrow) 2) White blood cells 3) Mast cells -secrete heparin that inhibits clotting and histamine that dilates blood vessels 4) Adipocytes or fat cells -store triglycerides
52
Blast Cells
Blast cells – mitotic cells that secrete ground substance and fibers for the matrix
53
Types of blast cells
--Fibroblasts produce protein fibers and ground substance --Chrondroblasts – product cartilage --Osteoblasts – form bony matrix --Hemocytoblasts – form blood cells *Different from other blast cells because they are not located within their own tissue (they are located in bone marrow)
54
--Fibroblasts
--Fibroblasts produce protein fibers and ground substance
55
--Chrondroblasts
--Chrondroblasts – product cartilage
56
--Osteoblasts
– form bony matrix
57
--Hemocytoblasts
--Hemocytoblasts – form blood cells *Different from other blast cells because they are not located within their own tissue (they are located in bone marrow)
58
White blood cells
White blood cells
59
Mast cells
Mast cells secrete heparin that inhibits clotting and histamine that dilates blood vessels
60
Adipocytes or fat cells
Adipocytes or fat cells store triglycerides
61
What are the classes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper: --Loose --Dense Cartilage: --Hyaline --Elastic --Fibrocartilage Bone: --Spongy --Compact Blood
62
Loose connective tissue
A type of connective tissue that contains gel-like ground substance between cells
63
Dense connective tissue
Dense connective tissue A type of connective tissue in which fibers fill the spaces between cells 2 types varying in fiber orientation -dense regular connective tissue -dense irregular connective tissue
64
Loose Connective tissue - Adipose Tissue
-Large, empty-looking cells with thin margins --Nucleus pressed against cell membrane -Energy storage, insulation, cushioning --Subcutaneous fat beneath skin and surrounding organs
65
Loose Connective Tissue – Areolar Connective Tissue
-Most widely distributed connective tissue, -Functions: --Support – binding tissues together --Holding body fluids (amount of fluid in areolar tissue is = to amount in blood!) --Defend against infections -Fibroblasts are the most common cell type
66
Loose Connective Tissue – Reticular tissue
Structure – reticular fibers in loose ground substance Function – soft structure that supports other cells Locations – bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
67
Connective tissue - Cartilage
-Supportive connective tissue with rubbery matrix -Chondroblasts produce cartilage matrix, once surrounded by cartilage → chondrocytes -No blood vessels so diffusion must bring in nutrients and remove wastes --injured cartilage heals slowly -Major types of cartilage depend upon fiber types --hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage
68
Cartilage - Fibrocartilage
Cartilage containing extensive parallel collagen fibers Resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints Pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
69
Cartilage - Hyaline
Clear, glassy matrix; fine dispersed collagen fibers; chondrocytes in small clusters enclosed in lacunae Joints; supportive material in larynx, trachea, bronchi
70
Cartilage - Elastic
Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains more elastic fibers Function: maintains the shape of a structure but allows for greater flexibility Location: pinna/auricle of ear and epiglottis
71
Major types of cartilage depend upon
fiber types
72
Types of cartilage
1) Hyaline 2) Fibrocartilage 3) Elastic
73
Bone
-Spongy bone looks spongy in appearance delicate struts of bone fills heads of long bones always covered by compact bone -Compact bone looks solid in appearance more complex arrangement cells and matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones
74
Spongy Bone
Spongy bone looks spongy in appearance -delicate struts of bone -fills heads of long bones -always covered by compact bone
75
Compact Bone
Compact bone looks solid in appearance -more complex arrangement -cells and matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones
76
Blood
-Variety of cells and cell fragments (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) Found in heart and blood vessels
77
Muscle Tissue
-Elongated cells that are irritable (respond to stimuli) by contracting (contractile) Function is -to exert physical force on other tissues -move bones -push substances through vessels (blood, urine, food etc.) -Pump blood -Important source of body heat Three types of muscle skeletal, cardiac and smooth
78
Muscle tissue function
Function is -to exert physical force on other tissues -move bones -push substances through vessels (blood, urine, food etc.) -Pump blood -Important source of body heat
79
3 types of muscle
Three types of muscle -skeletal, -cardiac -smooth
80
Skeletal Muscle
-Long, cylindrical, multinucleate, un-branched, voluntary cells with striations Movement, facial expression, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing and excretion
81
Cardiac
Short branched, mononucleated cells with striations and intercalated discs Pumps blood
82
Smooth Muscle
-Short cells; non-striated, mononucleate -Sheets of muscle in viscera; iris; hair follicles and sphincters -Swallowing, GI tract functions, labor contractions, control of airflow, erection of hairs and control of pupil
83
Nervous tissue
-Large neurons with long cell processes surrounded by much smaller glial cells lacking dendrites and axons Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves & ganglia Communication and control of bodily functions
84
Mucous Membranes
-Consists of epithelium, connective and underlying muscular tissues -Lines passageways that open to the exterior: digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive -Mucous coating and movement of cilia trap and remove foreign particles and bacteria from internal surfaces of body
85
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Cutaneous membrane (skin) -stratified squamous epithelium resting on layer of connective tissue relatively dry layer serves protective function
86
Synovial membrane
Synovial membrane lines joints (only contains connective tissue) -secretes synovial fluid rich in hyaluronic acid into the joint
87
Serous membrane (serosa)
Serous membrane (serosa) – internal epithelial membrane covers organs and walls of body cavities, produces serous fluid
88
Hist
tissue
89
Squam
Flat
90
Gen
create
91
Fibro
Fiber
92
Striat
stripes
93
Chondr
cartilage
94
blast
create
95
cardi
heart
96
neuro
nervous tissue or system

BIO201 (7 decks)

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