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BIO201 > Unit 1: Integumentary > Flashcards

Unit 1: Integumentary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin

The skin is also the heaviest organ of the body.

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2
Q

How many centimeters of blood vessels are in one square centimeter of skin?

A

70 cm

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3
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis composed of?

A

*Stratified squamous epithelium
*Contains 5 layers

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4
Q

What layer of the skin is the dermis?

A

Connective tissue layer

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5
Q

Skin rests on what?

A

subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

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6
Q

What are the primary functions of the skin?

A
  • Protection
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Excretion
  • Sensation
  • Waterproof barrier
  • Thermoregulation
  • Psychological and social functions
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7
Q

Describe the protective function of the skin.

A

abrasion, invasion, water loss, UV protection

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8
Q

Describe th benefit of vitamin D synthesis in the skin.

A

-epidermal keratinocytes when exposed to UV light

–helps maintain health of skeleton by increasing absorption of Ca2+

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9
Q

Describe the excretion function of the skin

A

Urea and salts (very small amounts)

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10
Q

Describe the sensation function of the skin

A

receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration and pain

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11
Q

Describe the waterproof barrier function of the skin

A

Sebaceous glands, overlapping of keratinocytes

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12
Q

Describe the thermoregulation function of the skin

A

-thermoreceptors and sweat glands
-hypothalamus controls cutaneous arteries and sweat glands to retain or dissipate heat

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13
Q

Describe the psychological and social functions of the skin

A

-appearance and social acceptance
-facial expression and nonverbal communication

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14
Q

What is the role of vitamin D in relation to the skin?

A

Helps maintain health of skeleton by increasing absorption of Ca2+

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15
Q

Describe the stratified squamous epitheliam.

A

*These squamous epithelial cells are called keratinocytes, cells filled with keratin (a hard tough protein.)

*Avascular – no blood vessels

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16
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratin

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17
Q

Describe the Stratum Basale.

A

*Deepest layer (of epithelium)

*Single layer of cuboidal cells sitting on basement membrane

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17
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epithelium from base to apical layer.

A

Startum Basale
Startum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Startum Corneum

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18
Q

What are the main cell types found in the stratum basale?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Tactile cells
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19
Q

Describe the Keratinocytes of the stratum basale.

A

*undergo mitosis to replace epidermis
*commonest cell of epidermis
*produce keratin (protein)

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20
Q

Describe the Melanocytes of the Stratum basale.

A

distribute melanin from cell processes
melanin picked up by keratinocytes andused to shade nuclei from UVradiation

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21
Q

Describe the tactile cells of the stratum basale.

A
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22
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Synthesize melanin

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23
Q

What is the stratum spinosum known for?

A

Several layers thick with desmosomes connecting cells

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24
What are the cell types of the Stratum Spinosum?
*keratinocytes *Dendric Cells
25
Describe Keratinocytes of the Stratum Spinosum.
*desmosomes connect cells together *appear “spiny” due to shrinkage during histological preparation
26
Describe the dendric cells of the Stratum Spinosum.
*macrophages that migrate to the epidermis *help protect body against pathogens
27
What happens to the nucleus in the stratum granulosum?
Begins to break down
28
Describe Stratum Granulosum.
*3 to 5 layers *Cell type -Flattened keratinocytes --Contain keratinohyalin granules ---become fibrous keratin --Produce lipid-filled vesicles that release a glycolipid by exocytosis to waterproof the skin ---forms a barrier between surface cells and deeper layers of the epidermis ---cuts off surface layers from nutrient supply --Nucleus begins to break down
29
What is found in the stratum lucidum?
Thin translucent zone seen only in thick skin
30
What characterizes the stratum corneum?
Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
31
Describe the Stratum Lucidum.
*Thin translucent zone seen only in thick skin (palmar and plantar regions) *Cells have no nuclei or organelles
32
How often is the epidermis replaced?
Every 45 days
33
What is the thickness range of the dermis?
0.6 mm to 3 mm
34
Vocab: Stratum Basale
Cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata.
35
Vocab: Stratum Spinosum
Keratin fibers and lamellar bodies accumulate.
36
Vocab: Stratum Granulosum
Keratohyalin and a hard protein envelope form; lamellar bodies release lipids; cells die.
37
Vocab: Stratum Lucidum
Dead cells containing dispersed keratohyalin.
38
Vocab: Stratum Corneum
Dead cells with a hard protein envelope; the cells contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids.
39
What are dermal papillae?
Upward extensions of the dermis into the epidermis forming ridges of the fingerprints
40
Describe the composition of the Dermis.
Composition: Collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts and accessory structures such as hair follicles and glands
41
Describe the dermis.
*Dense, fibrous connective tissue deep to the epidermis. (Leather: dermis from animals.) *Firmly attached to the epidermis. *Gives flexible strength to skin.
42
What layer gives flexible strength to the skin?
Dermis
43
What are the two layers of the dermis?
* Papillary layer * Reticular layer
44
What is the hypodermis also known as?
Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia
45
The hypodermis has more ________ than dermis.
adipose
46
Describe the reticular layer of the dermis.
Reticular layer: Deep layer of dermis. *Contains sweat glands, oil glands, and pressure receptors. *Contains blood vessels for regulation of body temperature. *Rich in collagen and elastic fibers.
47
Describe the papillary layer of the dermis.
Papillary layer: upper layer *Contains fingerlike projections called papillae. *Papillae contain blood vessels for nourishing the epidermis. *Papillae contains touch and pain receptors.
48
What are the functions of the hypodermis?
* Energy reservoir * Thermal insulation
49
What pigments contribute to skin color?
* Hemoglobin (red pigment of red blood cells) * Carotene (yellow pigment of vegetables & egg yolks) * Melanin (pigment produced by melanocytes) --pigment synthesis stimulated by UV radiation from sunlight --produces yellow, brown, black and reddish hues
50
What is the primary component of hair?
Keratinized cells
51
Describe follicle (hair)
Follicle is oblique tube/sack within the skin
52
Hair and nails are composed of hard ___________
keratin -toughened by bonds between proteins
53
Bulb (hair)
bulb is swelling in base where hair originates (mitosis)
54
Appendages of the skin
-Glands -Hair -Nails
55
___________ in bulb provides nutrients
vascular tissue (dermal papilla) in bulb provides nutrients
56
Skin derivatives all arise From the __________
epidermis
57
How is pulling on the hair resisted?
cells lining the follicle interlock with scales of cuticle to resist pulling on the hair
58
Hair is a ...
Hair is a filament of keratinized cells -shaft is fully keratinized and is visible above skin -root is within follicle and not yet fully keratinized
59
What is the structure of hair?
* Shaft - fully keratinized visible above skin * Root - within follicle not yet fully keratinized
60
What are the functions of hair?
* Sensation * Communication * Protection * Thermoregulation
61
Medulla (hair)
Medulla – central core, large cells and air spaces
62
What are the 3 parts of a cross section of hair?
Medulla – central core, large cells and air spaces Cortex – layer of flat cells that surrounds the medulla Cuticle – single outer layer of heavily keratinized cells arranged overlapping like tiles on a roof
63
Cortex (hair)
Cortex – layer of flat cells that surrounds the medulla
64
Cuticle (hair)
Cuticle – single outer layer of heavily keratinized cells arranged overlapping like tiles on a roof
65
What type of glands are sebaceous glands?
Alveolar glands
66
Describe sweat glands
Filtrate of blood plasma containing some waste products -lactic acid forms “acid mantle” *Eccrine glands millions of them cool the body *Apocrine glands produce sweat containing fatty acids -found only near hair follicles and respond to stress and sexual arousal -fatty acids support bacteria → body odor
67
Name the 4 types of cutaneous glands.
*Sweat glands --eccrine --apocrine *Sebaceous glands *Ceruminous glands *Mammary glands
68
What are the associated structures of hair?
*Hair receptors entwine each follicle *Arrector pili muscles smooth muscles that cause goose bumps *Sebaceous glands are located alongside the hair root
69
Arrector pili muscles
an associated structure of hair; smooth muscle that causes goose bumps
70
What is the secretion produced by sebaceous glands?
Sebum
71
What do eccrine sweat glands primarily do?
Cool the body
72
What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?
Eccrine glands cool the body; apocrine glands respond to stress and sexual arousal
73
Describe sebaceous glands.
*Alveolar glands *Oily secretion called sebum that contains broken-down cells -Makes hair and skin pliable -antibacterial properties -Arrector pili muscles help squeeze sebum up to skin surface -Assists with waterproof barrier of skin
74
What do ceruminous glands produce?
Earwax
75
List two other types of apocrine glands.
*Ceruminous Glands -Their secretion combines with sebum to produce earwax -waterproof -keeps eardrum flexible bitterness repel mites & other pests *Mammary Glands -modified sweat gland -thicker secretions released by ducts that open at the nipple
76
What are common types of skin infections?
* Bacterial infections * Viral infections * Fungal infections
77
What is a first-degree burn?
Involves epidermis only; red and swollen
78
What is unique about third-degree burns?
Entire thickness is destroyed; skin grafting is required
79
What does the term 'kerat' refer to?
Horny/Hard
80
Describe 2nd degree burns.
Second-degree – involves epidermis and upper layer of dermis; skin is red and painful with blisters
81
__________ and __________ are serious problems associated with third-degree burns.
Arthritis and stiffness are serious problems associated with third-degree burns.
82
What is the term for the layer beneath the epidermis?
Hypodermis
83
Nails are clear, hard derivative of
*stratum corneum -(nails) densely packed cells filled with hard keratin
84
Cut or derm
85
Epi
Upon or on top of
86
Sub
Below
87
Strat
Layer -Strata (many layers)
88
Folic
Sack
89
Thermo
Temperature
90
Melan
to darken or blacken

BIO201 (7 decks)

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