UNIT 1 (part two)

Question 1

is the study of a disease in relation to the population, aspects of disease such as incidence, prevalence and transmission in a population

Answer 1

epidemiology

Question 2

disease refers to a disease that occurs with a predictable frequency with minor fluctuations in a population

Answer 2

endemic

Question 3

disease refers to diseases that occur at a higher level in a place at a time than expected for the disease in the place at that particular time

Answer 3

epidemic

Question 4

are those diseases that occurs irregularly with widely dispersed incidence or a disease that occurs infrequently

Answer 4

sporadic

Question 5

is an epidemic occurring in a wide/larger area.

Answer 5

pandemic

Question 6

is the time lapse between the entry of the parasite and the first appearance or onset of clinical signs

Answer 6

incubation period

Question 7

is the period in which the form of the parasite is demonstrated in the clinical materialof the host.

Answer 7

prepatent period

Question 8

refers to temporary cessation in the development of immature stages of some nematode parasites in the host due to adverse environmental conditions

Answer 8

hypobiosis

Question 9

refers to low activity of parasites in winter.

Answer 9

hibernation/winter sleep

Question 10

is the period of low activity in summer

Answer 10

aestivation

Question 11

is aperiod of low activity in arthropods.

Answer 11

diapause

Question 12

hypobiosis classifications:

Answer 12

1. hybernation
2. aestivation
3. diapause

Question 13

is a (Virgin birth) refers to formation of progeny without fertilization

Answer 13

parthenogenesis

Question 14

example or parthenogenesis

Answer 14

haemaphysalis ticks and strongyloids, specifically of nematodes

Question 15

(Juvenile multiplication) refers to multiplication of juvenile/immature stages of parasite in intermediate hosts.

Answer 15

paedogenesis

Question 16

example of paedogenesis

Answer 16

multiplication of immature snail eggs

Question 17

(Alternation of generation) refers to sexual multiplication alterating with asexual multiplication

Answer 17

metagenesis

Question 18

example of metagenesis

Answer 18

trematodes, Sexual multiplication in definitive host alternating with paedogenesis in intermediate hosts

Question 19

is a type of asexual division/ multiplication in protozoa where a parasite multiplies into numerous individuals by multiple fission. The nucleus of the parasites undergoes repeated division without cytokinesis

Answer 19

schizogony

Question 20

is the differentiation of gamonts in to male and female gametes

Answer 20

gametogony

Question 21

is the union of the male and female gametes to form the zygote

Answer 21

syngamy

Question 22

is the differentiation of zygote to cocyst, sporecyst and sporozoites

Answer 22

sporogony

Question 23

schizogony classifications:

Answer 23

1. gametogony
2. syngamy
3. sporogony

Question 24

modes of transmission:

Answer 24

1. ingestion
2. skin penetration
3. contact
4. predation
5. coitus
6. transplacental/transmammary transmission

Question 25

classification of parasites:

Answer 25

1. phylum protozoa 2. phylum platyhelminthes/nemathelminthes 3. phylum arthropoda

Question 26

single-celled organism, multiply in human host, Medical Protozoology

Answer 26

phylum protozoa

Question 27

multicellular worms, do not normally multiply in human host, medical Helminthology.

Answer 27

phylum platyhelminthes and phylum nemathelminthes

Question 28

medical entomology

Answer 28

phylum arthropoda

Question 29

effect of parasites on the host:

Answer 29

1. direct effects 2. indirect effects

Question 30

may be inflicted by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows larger

Answer 30

mechanical injury

Question 31

in Plasmodium falciparum production of toxic Substonces may cause nigors and other symptoms.

Answer 31

deleterious effect of toxic substances

Question 32

parasite may produce disease by competing with the host for nutrients.

Answer 32

deprivation of nutrients, fluids, and metabolites

Question 33

direct effects:

Answer 33

1. mechanical injury 2. deleterious effect to toxic substances 3. deprivation of nutrients, fluids, and metabolites

Question 34

indirect effects:

Answer 34

immunological reaction

Question 35

"Excessive proliferation of certain tissues due to invasion by some parasites can also cause tissue damage in man" is an example of?

Answer 35

immunological reaction

Question 36

the route followed by a parasite from the time of entry to the host to exit

Answer 36

life cycle of parasites

Question 37

infection is the result of entry and development within the body of any injurious organism regardless of its size.

Answer 37

host parasite relationship

Question 38

Once the infecting organism is introduced into the body of the host, it reacts in different ways and this could result in a

Answer 38

carrier state

Question 39

this is due to an imperfect host parasite relationship where the porasite dominates the upper hand.

Answer 39

disease state

Question 40

occurs when the host takes the upper hand.

Answer 40

parasite destruction

Question 41

in those parasitic infections where the parasite itself in any stage of its development circulates in the ______ stream, examination of _____ film forms one of the main procedures for specific diagnosis.

Answer 41

blood

Question 42

examination of the ______ forms an important part in the diagnosis of intestinal parasific infections and also for those helminthic parasites that localize in the biliary tract and discharge their eggs into the intestine.

Answer 42

stool

Question 43

when the parasite localizes in the urinary tract, examination of the ______ will be of help in establishing the parasitological diagnosis.

Answer 43

urine

Question 44

examination of _______ is useful in the following: 1. In cases where the habitat of the parasite is in the respiratory tract, as in Paragonimiasis. the eggs of Paragonimus westermani are found. 2. In amoebic abscess of lung or in the case of amoebic liver abscess bursting into the lungs. the trophozoites of E. histolytica are detected in the _______.

Answer 44

sputum

Question 45

varies with different parasitic infections. For example spleen punctures in cases of kala-azar, muscle biopsy in cases of Cysticerosis, Trichinelliasis, and Chagas disease, Skin snip for Onchocerciasis.

Answer 45

biopsy material

Question 46

for Trichomonas vaginalis Indirect evidences - changes indicative of intestinal parasitic infections

Answer 46

urethral or vaginal discharge

Question 47

eosinophilia often gives an indication of tissue invasion by helminthes, a reduction in white blood cell count is an indication of kala-azar, and anemia is a feature of hookworm infestation and malaria.

Answer 47

cytological changes in the blood

Question 48

are carried out only in laboratories where special antigens are available.

Answer 48

serological tests

Question 49

many parasitic infections can be cured by specific chemotherapy. The greatest advances have been made in the treatment of protozoal diseases.

Answer 49

treatment

Question 50

measures may be taken against every parasite infecting humans. Preventive measures designed to break the transmission cycle are crucial to successful parasitic eradication.

Answer 50

prevention and control

Question 51

classification of medical parasitology:

Answer 51

1. medical protozoology 2. medical helminthology 3. medical entomology

Question 52

Deal with the study of medically important protozoa.

Answer 52

medical protozology

Question 53

Deals with the study of helminthes (worms) that affect man.

Answer 53

medical helminthology

Question 54

Deals with the study of arthropods which cause or transmit disease to man

Answer 54

medical entomology

Question 55

asexual multiplication classifications:

Answer 55

1. simple binary fission 2. multiple fission or schizogony

Question 56

in this process, after division of all the structures, the individual parasite divides either longitudinally or transversely into two more or less equal parts.

Answer 56

simple binary fission

Question 57

in these process more than two individuals is produced, e.g. asexual reproduction in Plasmodia.

Answer 57

multiple fission or schizogony

Question 58

sexual reproduction classifications:

Answer 58

1. conjugation 2. syngamy

Question 59

in this process, a temporary union of two individuals occurs during which time interchange of nuclear material takes place. Later on, the two individuals separate.

Answer 59

conjugation

Question 60

in this process, sexually differentiated cells, called gametes, unite permanently and o complete fusion of the nuclear material takes place. The resulting product is then known as a zygote.

Answer 60

syngamy

Question 61

protozoa classifications:

Answer 61

1. ameobas 2. ciliates 3. flagellates 4. sporozoans

Question 62

parasite that consists of a single "cell-like-unit" which is morphologically and functionally complete and can perform all functions of life.

Answer 62

protozoa