UNIT 2 (part three)

Question 1

The worms may be present as parasitic in the host or free living in the soil.

Answer 1

strongyloides stercoralis

Question 2

measures 1 mm in length with curved posterior end and carries two spicules

Answer 2

male

Question 3

measures 2.5 mm in length with straight posterior end.

Answer 3

female

Question 4

term used when parasite never reaches soil , it re-enters the host

Answer 4

auto-infection

Question 5

favorable condition of strongyloides

Answer 5

soil

Question 6

non favorable conditions of strongyloides

Answer 6

auto-infection

Question 7

The patient complains of _______ _______. Larvae in the lungs may cause ________.

Answer 7

mucoid diarrhea
pneumonia

Question 8

organs affected by strongyloides may be:

Answer 8

1. liver
2. heart adrenals
3. pancreas
4. kidneys
5. CNS

Question 9

diagnosis of strongyloides

Answer 9

Detection of rhabditiform larvae of strongyloides in stool.

Question 10

is a small white worm with threadlike appearance. The worm causes enterobiasis. Infection is common in children.

Answer 10

enterobius vermicularis

Question 11

treatment of strongyloides

Answer 11

Thiabendazole: 25 mg/kg (twice daily) for 3 days.

Question 12

enterobius vermicularis is otherwise known as?

Answer 12

pinworm or threadworm

Question 13

measures 5cm in length. The posterior end is curved and carries a single copulatory spicule.

Answer 13

male

Question 14

measures 13 cm in length. The posterior end is straight.

Answer 14

female

Question 15

enterobius vermicularis mode of infection is by

Answer 15

1. By direct infection from a patient (Fecal-oral route).
2. Autoinfection
3. Aerosol inhalation from contaminated sheets and dust.

Question 17

where do female enterobius’ glue their eggs after the male dies?

Answer 17

peri-anal skin

Question 18

second species of enterobius

Answer 18

enterobius gregorii

Question 19

clinical presentation of enterobius:

Answer 19

• allergic reaction around anus
• nocturnal itching
• enuresis

Question 20

diagnosis of enterobius

Answer 20

1. Eggs in stool
2. Peri-anal swab

Question 21

egg hatches and larva migrates to the rectum is called?

Answer 21

retroinfection

Question 22

treatment of enterobius

Answer 22

Mebendazole or Piperazine.

Question 23

definitive host of gnathostoma spinigerum:

Answer 23

1. pigs
2. cats
3. dogs

Question 24

geographic distribution of gnathostoma

Answer 24

asia (esp thailand and japan) and mexico

Question 25

The nematode (roundworm) _________ __________, the rat lungworm, is the most common cause of human eosinophilic meningitis.

Answer 25

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Question 26

definitive hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Answer 26

rats and freshwater prawns

Question 27

This group includes the filarial worms, the guinea worm (Dranculuculus medinensis) and Trichinella spiralis.

Answer 27

tissue nematodes

Question 28

have complex life cycles involving a developmental stage in an insect vector. They require an arthropod vector for their transmission. The worms inhabit either the lymphatic system or the subcutaneous tissues of man.

Answer 28

filarial worms

Question 29

This is a parasite of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels- causing tymphatic filariasis.

Answer 29

wuchereria bancrofti

Question 30

mode of transmission of whuchereria bancrofti

Answer 30

by the bite of the arthropod

Question 31

disease caused by whuchereria bancrofti is called?

Answer 31

bancroftian elephantiasis

Question 32

symptoms of whuchereria:

Answer 32

1. lymphangitis 2. lymphedema 3. fever 4. headache 5. myalgia 6.hydrocele 7. chyluria

Question 33

treatment of whuchereria

Answer 33

Diethyl carbomazine (DEC): 2 mg/kg 3x daily for 2 weeks.

Question 34

of the lower limbs is common in Ethiopia. Silicon, aluminium and iron particles in the red clay soil are absorbed through skin abrasions in bare footed persons. The mineral particles cause obstruction of the lymphatics.

Answer 34

non-filarial elephantiasis

Question 35

non-filarial elephantiasis is otherwise known as?

Answer 35

podoconiosis

Question 36

vector of brugia malayi

Answer 36

mosquito

Question 37

The typical vector for Brugia malayi filariasis is mosquito species from the genera?

Answer 37

mansonia and aedes

Question 38

diagnosis of brugia malayi

Answer 38

blood collection

Question 39

stain to use for thick smear for brugia malayi?

Answer 39

giemsa hematoxylin eosin

Question 40

river blindness, similar to whuchereria bancrofti

Answer 40

onchocerca volvulus

Question 41

Similar to that of Wuchereria bancrofti.

Answer 41

male of onchocerca volvulus

Question 42

measures 30-50 cm in length. It is present inside of a fibrous nodule (onchocercomata or onchocerca tumor).

Answer 42

female of onchocerca volvulus

Question 43

intermediate host of onchocerca volvulus

Answer 43

black fly

Question 44

definitive host of onchocerca

Answer 44

humans

Question 45

onchocerciasis includes symptoms such as:

Answer 45

1. Skin fibrous nodules (onchocercomata) 2. Skin hypo- or hyper- pigmentation 3. Elephantiasis of the external genitalia

Question 46

diagnosis of onchocerca volvulus

Answer 46

skin biopsy

Question 47

treatment of onchocerca volvulus

Answer 47

Ivermectin 50 mg/kg bodyweight, given every 6-12 months

Question 48

prevention of onchocerca volvulus

Answer 48

1. Vector control 2. Mass treatment 3. Establishment of villages away from Simulium breeding places 4. Use of repellents 5. Protective clothing

Question 49

otherwise known as mango fly

Answer 49

loaloa

Question 50

lowa lowa is an?

Answer 50

eye worm

Question 51

insect vectors of loaloa:

Answer 51

mango flies of chrysops chrysops silacea chrysops dimidiata

Question 52

Loiasis is endemic in?

Answer 52

central and west equatorial africa

Question 53

loaloa resides where in the human body?

Answer 53

subcutaneous tissue (adult) and eye microfilariae (blood)

Question 54

diagnosis of loaloa

Answer 54

- Detection of microfilaria in peripheral blood, urine, sputum, CSF - stained with Giemsa or unstained. - eosinophilia

Question 55

treatment of loaloa

Answer 55

DEC, 6 to 10 mg per kilogram per day for 2 to 3 weeks

Question 56

causes dracunculiasis.The infection is endemic to Asia and Africa: India, Nile Valley, central, western and equatorial Africa.

Answer 56

drancunculus medinensis

Question 57

intermediate host of drancunculus medinensis

Answer 57

cyclops

Question 58

definitive host of dracunculus medinensis

Answer 58

humans

Question 59

clinical feature of dracunculus medinensis

Answer 59

female releases histamine-like component that triggers allergic reactions

Question 60

diagnosis or dracunculus medinensis:

Answer 60

1. Clinical: Observation of blister, worm or larvae 2. Histologic features of subcutaneous sinus tract 3. Eosinophilia and radiographic evidence

Question 61

treatment of dracunculus medinensis

Answer 61

Surgical excision when the worm is in the leg Niridazole (Ambilhar) or DEC

Question 62

mansanella species:

Answer 62

1. M. ozzardi 2. M. perstans 3. M. streptocerca

Question 63

are unsheained and measure i ou-205 um in stained blood smears and 200-255 um in 2% formalin. The tail tapers to a point and the nuclei end well before the end of the tail. The end of the tail is also bent in a small hook-like shape. Microfilariae circulate in blood.

Answer 63

mansanella ozzardi

Question 64

are unsheathed and measure 190-200 um in stained blood smears and 180-225 um in 2% formalin. The tail is blunt and nuclei extend to the tip of the tail. Microfilarice circulate in the blood.

Answer 64

mansanella perstans

Question 65

are unsheathed and measure 180-240 um. The tail is been into a hook-like shape and the nuclei extend to the end of the tail. Microfilariae are found in skin and do not circulate in the blood.

Answer 65

mansanella streptocerca

Question 66

where do mansanella species reside in the human body?

Answer 66

skin or dermis also reaches peripheral blood