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AP EURO > UNIT 1:RENAISSANCE&EXPLORATION > Flashcards

UNIT 1:RENAISSANCE&EXPLORATION Flashcards

1
Q

Petrarch

A

Founder of Humanism. Inspired by Cicero Latin composition and his opposition against tyrannical Julius Caesar power.

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2
Q

Humanism

A

a philosophy that focused on the unlimited potential of human being beings as an end in themselves.

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3
Q

Individualism

A

emphasizes the triumph of the individual

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4
Q

Religious or Secular?

A

Renaissance was more secular as it moved away from religion. Individualism, Scientific Modes of Inquiry

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5
Q

Printing Press

A

Ideas spread rapidly and widely, challenges central authority
Before, Books were available to Church and they were usually in Latin but with the Printing Press books became accessible and that increased Education

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6
Q

Education

A

Curriculum focused on Humanities based on classical texts

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7
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

the basic function of a ruler is to maintain power at all costs

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8
Q

Naturalism

A

drawing as it was and focused less on symbolic figures.
Italian Renaissance leaned more on the idealistic side while Northern Renaissance focused more on the everyday life
Geometric Perspective
Michelangelo, Filippo Brunelleschi

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9
Q

How did Artist get paid?

A

Artist were patronized by wealthy individuals, rulers and pope
Used to enhanced their prestige

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10
Q

Medici Family

A

a wealthy patronage family
Banking industry in Italy

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11
Q

Northern vs Secular Italian Renaissance

A

Both were focused on Humanism
Northern was more Religious + Art was more Religious, Human-Centered

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12
Q

Christian Humanism

A

humanist thought + scriptural authority = emphasis on social reform

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13
Q

Erasmus

A

Focused on Christian Humanism
Education on the Bible is social reform, renewal should be based on the philosophy of Christ
In Praise of Folly-satire to criticize Religious hierarchies
More Moderate than Radical

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14
Q

Dutch Renaissance Art

A

the use of light , inhabit the narriative

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15
Q

Venular Language

A

written of the common people. Natural Cultures emerge
ex: Martin creates bible in German, shapes culture

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16
Q

Henry VIII of England

A

wife did not birth a heir -> asked pope for divorce -> did not allowed it -> got his mistress pregnant -> divorced wife anyways -> establishes Church of England
Treason Act pass- punishable by death to refuse to acknowledge the Church of England

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17
Q

How did politics change?

A

The power decreased from the nobility and rulers/kings had more authority over the common people.

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18
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Steered England back to Anglicanism and ended persecution of dissenter

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19
Q

new monarchs vs old monarchs

A

established monopolies on tax collection, employed military force, dispensed justice, gained the right to determine the religion of their subjects

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20
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella
new monarch

A

Spain
Marriage unified Spain
raised revenue
Spanish Inquisition- expelled Muslims and Jews and Kept it Catholic

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21
Q

concordat of bologna

A

the pope has right to collect income from the French Catholic Church
France restricted the right to appoint French Catholic church leaders
restricting their right to communicate to the pope directly

22
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

New monarchs in HRE gain the right to determine the religion of their subjects

Catholic or Lutheran?

The power to choose the religion of their subjects was also a means of consolidating power

23
Q

Fugger Family

A

Wealthy patronage family
Banking industry in Augsburg, Germany

24
Q

Effects of banking

A

The rise of the money economy and close alliances of these groups with the monarch allowed them to exercise increased political power in their respective area of influence

25
Why did Europeans begin to explore?
God, Glory and Gold Their first goal is to spread God’s scriptures and increase the followers White Mans Burden Demand for Luxury Goods Muslim Ottoman Empire controlled trade routes so they had to find a different place Glory- Competition to establish as many colonial states to increase their raw materials
26
Mercantilism
A system that argued that there was a finite amount of wealth in the world Wealth could be measured in Gold and Silver More exports than imports State with most gold wins (wealthiest)
27
Cartography
Map mapping, more details and printing press made it more accessible
28
Caravel
Spanish ship that was fast and highly navigable
29
Lateen Sail
Was able to take wind from any side to sail
30
Compass
Establish direction on sea
31
astrolabe
Accurate latitude
32
Portugal
Sailed around Africa, established trading posts instead of colonies bc it was cheap= Trading Post Empire Indian Ocean Trade
33
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella commission Christopher Columbus to find a sea route to Asia
34
Settler Colonies
Colonies where people went to make a new life and to build homes and cities, not just to trade
35
Treaty of Tordesillas
divide America by the line of demarcation Spain got the Left and Portugal got the Right
36
Colonial Tensions
The balance of power was at stake for all the European nations
37
The Colombian Exchange
The global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices and disease between the Old World and the New World Food that travelled globally increased the lifespans because of the diversity of the food. More ingredients-> Healthy Diet-> longer life Gold and Silver were traded
38
Smallpox
European's were able to conquer other races because of this disease. Indigenous were especially vulnerable
39
Feudalism
a system where peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection Replaced by Capitalism
40
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership and a free and open exchange of goods between property owners
41
Effects of the Columbian exchange
the influx of mineral wealth and the establishment of trading empires shifted the center of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic States During the globalization of the economy and exploration, one of the primary trade ports became Antwerp Amsterdam grew to ascendancy as the major trading port of Europe, replacing Antwerp sugar and coffee became more accessible to the middle class and increased the demand for labor
42
Encomienda system
a system in which leading men, called encomenderos, were granted a portion of land natives who lived on that land became the unpaid laborers who did the farming or the mining
43
Changes
African slavery slowly replaced indigenous slavery primarily bc of smallpox
44
middle passage
to transport African slaves
45
Commercial Revolution
The great increase in global commerce during this period that changed the economic face of Europe money economy- services were made with cash instead of gold and silver the rise of great banking centers occurred due to the rise of the money economy
46
Joint Stock Company
investors bought stocks to raise large amounts of enterprise ex: Dutch East India Company
47
Manor
agriculture state under noble control
48
Subsistence Agriculture
the concept of just growing what one needed to subsist, or survive
49
cash crops
prevailed on plantations in the Americas grew single crop to sell in the market
50
What did the farmers do when the cash crops depleted their soils?
crop rotation Mediterranean implemented two field system- two fields and alternated throughout seasons to replenish Northern Europe implemented three field system
51
Enclosure movement
People begin to realize the system wasn't helping with the demand (inflation) The commons, land where peasantry was able to let their livestock graze, was reduced increased poverty

AP EURO (11 decks)

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