UNIT 5: CONFLICT,CRISIS,AND REACTION IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY Flashcards
(34 cards)
Dutch East India Company
joint stock company= private company
the voc was the first transnational corporation and historians have argued that the voc was actually the most profitable corporation in history
After the end of the Eight Years War the Dutch Republic became the dominant maritime trade power in the Atlantic
British East India Company
later out compete Dutch
joint stock company
French East India Company
Formed by Louis XIV and John-Baptiste Colbert
Navigation act
Shipping stuff to Britain must only be used of British vessels
The Navigation Acts guaranteed a monopoly for British merchants and made them fabulously wealthy
Weakened Dutch
Seven Years War
Frederick II sparks war of Austrian succession b/c he took ahold of Silesia.
After the end of it, Frederick still refused to give it up even though other powers gave up their lands back to the original owners
French and Indian War
British vs French (Allied with Native Americans)
British wins and French gives up parts of their colonies
Causes of the French Revolution
1.Economic Crisis
2. Imbalance of the Estates-general (Three Estates: The Clergy, The nobles, everybody else)
3. Bread Shortages
National Assembly
represented people of the third estate
Tennis Court Oath
promised to not leave the court until they all wrote a new constitution-> Louis XVI was forced to accept it
San-Culottes
rebel group
Stormed Bastille
The Liberal Phase
National Assembly drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen which provided for:
1.Freedom of speech
2.Representative Government
3.Abolished hereditary privileges of the first and second estates
October March on Versailles
The Liberal Phase
Women marched for more bread and forced Louis to accept the declaration
Olympe de Gouges
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
The Radical Phase
In 1792 the National Assembly voted to dissolve itself and create a more permanent parliament called the National Convention
The Jacobins were able to seize control of the Convention and implemented a more radical set of policies
Lots of Guillotine
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette head gets cut off
Jacobins
the radical group in the French Revolution
Policies of the National Convention
Fundamentally reordered time that year 1 was no longer the year of Christ’s birth, but rather 1792, which they called the Era of Liberty
dissolved the constitutional monarchy which had been established by the national assembly
What happened after the death of the monarchs?
With the fractures of their movement beginning to show and fearing that the gains of the Revolution were at risk, the Jacobin-dominated Convention clamped down hard on any dissent from the French population
REIGN OF TERROR
Maximillian de Robespierre
Committee of public safety
in charge of the Reign of Terror
executed at the end with a guillotine
Edmund Burke
In England, conservative Edmund Burke wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France in which he cautioned the British people against the excesses of the French revolution
The Haitian Revolution
Toussaint Louverture
By 1796, Louverture’s efforts had resulted in France regaining control of their colony
After the French Revolution, the National Assembly put a decree that did not allow the colonies to liberalize -> Angered the people because they saw the outcome in France
British saw this as a chance to gain power because this was the most valuable colony possession -> National Assembly post another decree that said a slave would be free if they fought for France -> failed and eventually N.A abolished slavery
Napoleon’s Rise
not only was the Revolution concerned to enact the liberal reforms demanded by the revolutionaries, you have to remember that this was a revolution about how France would become a nation, how it would hold together socially, politically, and economically
longstanding French social and cultural institutions had been abolished and that was very destabilizing for the French people so after the violent bloodletting of the Reign of Terror, people longed to return to some sense of normalcy, and Napoleon promised to do so(he says he embodied principles of revolution)
Napoleon’s domestic reforms
- instituting the Napoleonic code which reasserted three key principles of the Revolution
a. the equity of all citizens before the law (men) (women had to go back to trad norms)
b. Issued protections for wealth and private property
c. Introduced a degree of religious toleration to France
2.Centralizing of the government and bureaucracy (merit)
3.Concordat of bologna in 1801 (Catholics can worship freely)
Suppression of rights
1.secret police
2.censorship
3.marginalization of women
Women in this period?
Under the Napoleonic Code, women could no longer enter into contracts or hold property apart from their husband
