Unit 1 Topic 1

Question 1

Fixation Preparative Step

Answer 1

-preservation
-Light Microscope: Formaldehyde/Alcohol
-Electron Microscopy: Glutaraldehyde/Osmium Tetroxide

Question 2

Dehydration Preparative Step

Answer 2

-removal of water
-Light Microscopy: Alcohol/Acetone
-Electron Microscopy: Alcohol/Acetone

Question 3

Infiltration and Embedding Preparative Step

Answer 3

-replacement of water with another substance
-Light Microscopy: Paraffin Wax/Plastic
-Electron Microscopy: Plastic

Question 4

Sectioning Preparative Step

Answer 4

-thin sections cut
-Light Microscopy: 0.5-1.0 micrometers
-Electron Microscopy: 0.02-0.1 micrometers

Question 5

Staining

Answer 5

-Light Microscopy: Dyes
-Electron Microscopy: Heavy Metals

Question 6

Basophilic

Answer 6

structures that take up basic dyes because acidic

Question 7

Acidophilic

Answer 7

structures that take up acidic dyes because basic

Question 8

Hematoxylin Stain

Answer 8

-Blue; basic dye that binds to negatively charged/basophilic structures.
-Highlights RER and nucleic acids/nuclei

Question 9

Eosin Stain

Answer 9

-Pink/Red; acidic dye that binds to positively charged/acidiophillic structures
-Highlights elastic/reticular fibers, proteins, intracellular membranes and cytoplasm

Question 10

Toluidine Blue

Answer 10

-Blue dye that binds to nucleic acids and stains blue/purple
-Glycogen magenta (metachromasia)

Question 11

Masson Trichome

Answer 11

-a combination of dyes used to visualize connective tissue
-Collagen is blue or green (Muscle is red)

Question 12

Verhoeff’s Hematoxylin

Answer 12

-For CT
-Stains elastic fibers black

Question 13

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)

Answer 13

-Stains carbohydrates and carbohydrate molecules (i.e. glycoproteins and mucus) magenta
-GLYCOGEN

Question 14

Wright’s Stain

Answer 14

-Differentiate blood cells
-Nuclei stain purple and erythrocytes stain uniformly pink or pinkish orange

Question 15

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Answer 15

-Bind specific parts of the nucleic acid sequence and labels through fluorescence

Question 16

Immunofluorescence

Answer 16

antibodies label specific proteins and emit an emission of light

Question 17

Plasma Membrane

Answer 17

-boundary of cells
Responsibilities:
-ion and nutrient transport
-recognition of environment signals
-Adhesion to cells and extracellular matrix
-Site of endocytosis
-Site of Secretion

Question 18

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 18

Rough: protein synthesis (ribosomes) and post-translational modifications of proteins
Smooth: lipid metabolism, detoxification of drugs, and glycogen metabolism

Question 19

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 19

-Post-translational modification of proteins
-Packaging and sorting of proteins to lysosomes. secretory vesicles, and plasma membranes
Secretory Vesicles
-transport proteins to the plasma membrane and proteolytic activation of hormones

Question 20

Lysosomes

Answer 20

-Digestive Compartment
-Hydrolysis of cellular macromolecules
-Recycling of amino acids and monosaccharides
-Destruction of foreign organisms that had been endocytosed or phagocytosed
-Bone Resorption
-Acute inflammation

Question 21

Peroxisomes

Answer 21

single membrane; destruction of oxygen radicals via peroxide; oxidation of fatty acids

Question 22

Proteasome

Answer 22

degradation of short lived proteins, second messenger proteins and misfolded proteins through marking with ubiquitin for destruction/ fragmentation

Question 23

Mitochondria

Answer 23

double membrane with internal Cristal; generate ATP aerobically through Kreb’s Cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and production of ATP; oxidation of glucose and fatty acids

Question 24

Cytoplasm

Answer 24

glucose and gluconeogenesis; fatty acid and amino acid metabolisim

Question 25

Cytoskeleton

Answer 25

function extends beyond cellular structure/shape

Question 26

Microfilaments

Answer 26

composed of actin monomoers; flexible structures that facilitate movement and incorporated in many cellular extensions

Question 27

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 27

composed of various monomers; provides mechanical strength and anchorage; includes keratin

Question 28

Microtubules

Answer 28

composed of tubulin monomers; rigid rods used in movement and division

Question 29

Nucleus

Answer 29

strorage of chromatin; DNA replication, DNA transcription into mRNA

Question 30

Nucleolous

Answer 30

synthesis of rRNA

Question 31

Apoptosis

Answer 31

controlled autodigesstion through a physiological process; characterized by DNA fragmentation, decreased cell volume, loss of mitochondrial function due to changes in membrane and formation of apoptotic bodies; initiated by both internal and external stimuli

Question 32

What are the promoting and inhibiting stimuli of Apoptosis?

Answer 32

-Promoted by Cytochrome C, Bax, and caspases -Inhibited: Bel-2 and IAP proteins

Question 33

Necrosis

Answer 33

pathological/accidental cell death involving cellular swelling and lysis

Question 34

Hyperplasia

Answer 34

increase in number of cells

Question 35

Metaplasia

Answer 35

replacement of one mature cell type with another

Question 36

Anaplasia

Answer 36

undifferentiated cells present

Question 37

Dysplasia

Answer 37

abnormal cell growth

Question 38

Neoplasia

Answer 38

irreversible new growth