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Histology > Unit 1 Topic 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Features of Epithelium

A

-closely packed cells with little to no ECM
-Attached to a basement membrane
-Exhibit polarity

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2
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A

-Cover surfaces and line hollow structures
-Secrete, absorb, and protect
-Forms glands and ducts
-Forms a selective barrier

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3
Q

Features of Connective

A

-Underlies epithelium
-3 components: fibers, cells, and extracellular matrix
-All derived from mesenchyme
-Most diverse group

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4
Q

Functions of Connective

A

-Provide Support
-Medium for exchange
-Storage of nutrients, vitamins, etc.
-Defense and protection

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5
Q

Features of Muscle Tissue

A

-Utilize actin and myosin to produce contraction
-Typically classified based on striations, number of nuclei, and shape

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6
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue

A

-contract to produce tension
-extensibility and elasticity

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7
Q

Features of Nervous Tissue

A

-Neurons among neuroglia

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8
Q

Functions of Nervous Tissue

A

-Receives, transmits, and integrates information through producing and propagating action potentials

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9
Q

Description of Microvilli

A

“finger-like” cytoplasmic extensions
-actin core in center

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10
Q

Core of Microvilli

A

actin core anchors into terminal web

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11
Q

Function of Microvilli

A

-Increase in surface area to increase exchange
-Not associated with active movement

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12
Q

Location of Microvilli

A

-located on almost all small intestine cells
-More densly found in small intestine, uterine glands, placenta, and kidneys

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13
Q

Description of Stereocilia

A

Finger-like cytoplasmic extensions with connecting bridges

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14
Q

Core of Stereocilia

A

actin core anchors into the terminal web via different proteins than microvilli

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15
Q

Function of Stereocilia

A

-Reabsorption or transduction of mechanical stimuli to graded potentials
-Not associated with active movement

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16
Q

Location of Sterocilia

A

Limited to PSCE found in epididymis/ductus deferens and ear

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17
Q

Core of Cilia

A

Microtubules in 9 pairs (axoneme) with dynein arms (molecular motor proteins) connected by radial spikes

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17
Q

Description of Cilia

A

-Motile cytoplasmic extensions
-“9 sets of 2 +2”

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18
Q

Function of Cilia

A

-Propel particles over the apical surface
-Active movement

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19
Q

Location of Cilia

A

limited to columnar epithelium

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20
Q

Description of Zona Occludens (Occluding or Tight Junctions)

A

-Most at apical surface
-Associate with actin
-Homotypic (same particles are seen on each side)
-Claudin and occluding fusion protein connections

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21
Q

Function of Zona Occludens

A

-Localized sealing, regulates permeability
-restricts integral proteins to specific areas, involved in cell signaling

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22
Q

Zona Adherens (adhering junction or adhesion belt)

A

-Associates with terminal web of actin
-Proteins include cadherins, nectins, catenin, and viniculin
-Homotypic

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23
Q

Function of Zona Adherens

Study These Flashcards
A

forms a belt to increase mechanical stability through anchorage/adhesion

24
Description of Macula Adheres (desmosomes)
-associates with intermediate filaments -homotypic -desmoglein and democolin
25
Function of Macula Adheres
anchorage/adhesion through localized spot weld
26
Description of Gap (communicating junctions or nexus)
-no association with cytoskeleton -homotypic -connexins
27
Function of Gap
permits intracellular passage of small molecules to allow coordination/cooperation
28
Type IV Collagen
self-assembling meshwork making a physical barrier and attachment site for other proteins
29
Laminins
cross-shaped multi-adhesive proteins that self-assemble into a network under the membrane
30
Integrins
transmembrane proteins that bind laminins and fibronectins to anchor cells to the basal lamina
31
Organization of Basal Lamina
type 7 collagen loops reach around the reticular fibers (composed of type III collagen) and into the type IV collagen meshwork
32
Fibroblast
predominant cell type; fusiform structure with multiple projections with ovoid nucleus; manufactures collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers as well as ECM materials
33
Adipocytes
storage and release of energy reserves; nuclei pushed to the periphery due to large lipid droplet
34
Mast Cells
cytoplasm filled with secretory granules of histamine, heparin, serine, proteases, and eosinophil/neutrophil chemotactic factors and produce leukotrienes; primary mediators of local inflammatory process, allergic reactions, and anaphylactic shock
35
Macrophages
differentiate from monocytes once in CT; destroy pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes; large cells with vacuolated cytoplasm; also called tissue histiocytes
36
Plasma Cells
differentiate from B cells; produce antibodies from RER/Gogli; eccentric nucleus with potentially visible eragatoplasm
37
Eosinophils
migrate to the site of infection/allergic inflammation in response to factors released by mast cells/neutrophils; release histaminase to moderate effects of mast cells; crimson/red granules with a bilobed nucleus
38
Neutrophils
migrate to damaged and infected tissues; cells with multiple lobes and acidophilic granules
39
Lymphocytes
adaptive immune cells with only the nucleus available
40
Reticular Lamina
synthesized by the connective tissue cells; reticular fibers (type III collagen) and elastic fibers; anchors basal lamina to underly connective tissue
41
Exocrine Glands
-secrete at the apical surface and deliver to the surface of lumen via ducts -Merocrine -Apocrine -Holocrine
42
Merocrine
-secretory vesicles empty on the surface of the cell; no loss of membrane or organelle structure -salivary glands, exocrine and endocrine of pancreas, endocrine glands, sweat glands, and goblet cell
43
Apocrine
secretory product is accumulated in the apical portion of cell and part of the cell pinches off -Mammary gland
44
Holocrine
cell accumulates secretory product then the entire cell is shed and disintegrates -sebaceous glands
45
What are the 3 components of connective tissue?
Fibers, elastic, and reticular
46
Type I Collagen Fibers
-Forms: fibrils, large banded fiber -Tissue/Distribution: bone, skin, tendons, ligaments, cornea, internal organs (~90% of body collagen) -Synthesizing Cells: fibroblast, osteoblast
47
Type II Collagen Fibers
-Forms: fibril, small banded fiber -Tissue/Distribution: interal organs -Synthesizing Cells: fibroblast, reticular cell, smooth muscle cell, hepatocyte
48
Type IX Fibers
-Forms: fibril-associated -Tissue/Distribution: cartilage (lateral association with type II) -Synthesizing Cell: Chonroblasts
49
Type X Fibers
-Forms: network -Tissue/Distribution: forming bone (hypertrophic zone of growth plate) -Synthesizing Cell: Chondrocyte
50
Where is type I collagen located?
bone, skin, tendons, ligaments, cornea, interal organs
51
Where is type II collagen located?
cartilage (hyaline and elastic)
52
Where is type III collagen located?
internal organs (reticular fibers in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, blood vessels, skin)
53
Where is Type X collagen located?
cartilage (hyaline and elastic)
54
Fibroblast
predominant cell type; fusiform structure with multiple projections with ovoid nucleus; manufacture collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers as well as ECM materials
55
Adipocytes
storage and release of energy reserves; nuclei pushed to periphery due to large lipid droplet
56
Mast Cells
cytoplasm filled with secretory granules of histamine, heparin, serine, proteases, and eosinophil/neutrophil chemotactic factors and produce leukotrienes; primary mediators of loacal inflammatory process, allergic reactions, and anaphaylactic shock
57
Macrophages
differentiate from monocytes once in connective tissues; destroy pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes; large cells with vacuolated cytoplasm; also called tissue histiocytes
58
Plasma cells
differentiate from B cells; produce antibodies from RER/Golgi; eccentric nucleus with potentially visible ergastoplasm

Histology (15 decks)

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