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Histology > Unit 1 Topic 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Features of Epithelium

A

-closely packed cells with little to no ECM
-Attached to a basement membrane
-Exhibit polarity

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2
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A

-Cover surfaces and line hollow structures
-Secrete, absorb, and protect
-Forms glands and ducts
-Forms a selective barrier

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3
Q

Features of Connective

A

-Underlies epithelium
-3 components: fibers, cells, and extracellular matrix
-All derived from mesenchyme
-Most diverse group

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4
Q

Functions of Connective

A

-Provide Support
-Medium for exchange
-Storage of nutrients, vitamins, etc.
-Defense and protection

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5
Q

Features of Muscle Tissue

A

-Utilize actin and myosin to produce contraction
-Typically classified based on striations, number of nuclei, and shape

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6
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue

A

-contract to produce tension
-extensibility and elasticity

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7
Q

Features of Nervous Tissue

A

-Neurons among neuroglia

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8
Q

Functions of Nervous Tissue

A

-Receives, transmits, and integrates information through producing and propagating action potentials

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9
Q

Description of Microvilli

A

“finger-like” cytoplasmic extensions
-actin core in center

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10
Q

Core of Microvilli

A

actin core anchors into terminal web

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11
Q

Function of Microvilli

A

-Increase in surface area to increase exchange
-Not associated with active movement

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12
Q

Location of Microvilli

A

-located on almost all small intestine cells
-More densly found in small intestine, uterine glands, placenta, and kidneys

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13
Q

Description of Stereocilia

A

Finger-like cytoplasmic extensions with connecting bridges

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14
Q

Core of Stereocilia

A

actin core anchors into the terminal web via different proteins than microvilli

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15
Q

Function of Stereocilia

A

-Reabsorption or transduction of mechanical stimuli to graded potentials
-Not associated with active movement

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16
Q

Location of Sterocilia

A

Limited to PSCE found in epididymis/ductus deferens and ear

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17
Q

Core of Cilia

A

Microtubules in 9 pairs (axoneme) with dynein arms (molecular motor proteins) connected by radial spikes

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17
Q

Description of Cilia

A

-Motile cytoplasmic extensions
-“9 sets of 2 +2”

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18
Q

Function of Cilia

A

-Propel particles over the apical surface
-Active movement

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19
Q

Location of Cilia

A

limited to columnar epithelium

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20
Q

Description of Zona Occludens (Occluding or Tight Junctions)

A

-Most at apical surface
-Associate with actin
-Homotypic (same particles are seen on each side)
-Claudin and occluding fusion protein connections

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21
Q

Function of Zona Occludens

A

-Localized sealing, regulates permeability
-restricts integral proteins to specific areas, involved in cell signaling

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22
Q

Zona Adherens (adhering junction or adhesion belt)

A

-Associates with terminal web of actin
-Proteins include cadherins, nectins, catenin, and viniculin
-Homotypic

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23
Q

Function of Zona Adherens

A

forms a belt to increase mechanical stability through anchorage/adhesion

24
Q

Description of Macula Adheres (desmosomes)

A

-associates with intermediate filaments
-homotypic
-desmoglein and democolin

25
Q

Function of Macula Adheres

A

anchorage/adhesion through localized spot weld

26
Q

Description of Gap (communicating junctions or nexus)

A

-no association with cytoskeleton
-homotypic
-connexins

27
Q

Function of Gap

A

permits intracellular passage of small molecules to allow coordination/cooperation

28
Q

Type IV Collagen

A

self-assembling meshwork making a physical barrier and attachment site for other proteins

29
Q

Laminins

A

cross-shaped multi-adhesive proteins that self-assemble into a network under the membrane

30
Q

Integrins

A

transmembrane proteins that bind laminins and fibronectins to anchor cells to the basal lamina

31
Q

Organization of Basal Lamina

A

type 7 collagen loops reach around the reticular fibers (composed of type III collagen) and into the type IV collagen meshwork

32
Q

Fibroblast

A

predominant cell type; fusiform structure with multiple projections with ovoid nucleus; manufactures collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers as well as ECM materials

33
Q

Adipocytes

A

storage and release of energy reserves; nuclei pushed to the periphery due to large lipid droplet

34
Q

Mast Cells

A

cytoplasm filled with secretory granules of histamine, heparin, serine, proteases, and eosinophil/neutrophil chemotactic factors and produce leukotrienes; primary mediators of local inflammatory process, allergic reactions, and anaphylactic shock

35
Q

Macrophages

A

differentiate from monocytes once in CT; destroy pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes; large cells with vacuolated cytoplasm; also called tissue histiocytes

36
Q

Plasma Cells

A

differentiate from B cells; produce antibodies from RER/Gogli; eccentric nucleus with potentially visible eragatoplasm

37
Q

Eosinophils

A

migrate to the site of infection/allergic inflammation in response to factors released by mast cells/neutrophils; release histaminase to moderate effects of mast cells; crimson/red granules with a bilobed nucleus

38
Q

Neutrophils

A

migrate to damaged and infected tissues; cells with multiple lobes and acidophilic granules

39
Q

Lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune cells with only the nucleus available

40
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

synthesized by the connective tissue cells; reticular fibers (type III collagen) and elastic fibers; anchors basal lamina to underly connective tissue

41
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

-secrete at the apical surface and deliver to the surface of lumen via ducts
-Merocrine
-Apocrine
-Holocrine

42
Q

Merocrine

A

-secretory vesicles empty on the surface of the cell; no loss of membrane or organelle structure
-salivary glands, exocrine and endocrine of pancreas, endocrine glands, sweat glands, and goblet cell

43
Q

Apocrine

A

secretory product is accumulated in the apical portion of cell and part of the cell pinches off
-Mammary gland

44
Q

Holocrine

A

cell accumulates secretory product then the entire cell is shed and disintegrates
-sebaceous glands

45
Q

What are the 3 components of connective tissue?

A

Fibers, elastic, and reticular

46
Q

Type I Collagen Fibers

A

-Forms: fibrils, large banded fiber
-Tissue/Distribution: bone, skin, tendons, ligaments, cornea, internal organs (~90% of body collagen)
-Synthesizing Cells: fibroblast, osteoblast

47
Q

Type II Collagen Fibers

A

-Forms: fibril, small banded fiber
-Tissue/Distribution: interal organs
-Synthesizing Cells: fibroblast, reticular cell, smooth muscle cell, hepatocyte

48
Q

Type IX Fibers

A

-Forms: fibril-associated
-Tissue/Distribution: cartilage (lateral association with type II)
-Synthesizing Cell: Chonroblasts

49
Q

Type X Fibers

A

-Forms: network
-Tissue/Distribution: forming bone (hypertrophic zone of growth plate)
-Synthesizing Cell: Chondrocyte

50
Q

Where is type I collagen located?

A

bone, skin, tendons, ligaments, cornea, interal organs

51
Q

Where is type II collagen located?

A

cartilage (hyaline and elastic)

52
Q

Where is type III collagen located?

A

internal organs (reticular fibers in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, blood vessels, skin)

53
Q

Where is Type X collagen located?

A

cartilage (hyaline and elastic)

54
Q

Fibroblast

A

predominant cell type; fusiform structure with multiple projections with ovoid nucleus; manufacture collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers as well as ECM materials

55
Q

Adipocytes

A

storage and release of energy reserves; nuclei pushed to periphery due to large lipid droplet

56
Q

Mast Cells

A

cytoplasm filled with secretory granules of histamine, heparin, serine, proteases, and eosinophil/neutrophil chemotactic factors and produce leukotrienes; primary mediators of loacal inflammatory process, allergic reactions, and anaphaylactic shock

57
Q

Macrophages

A

differentiate from monocytes once in connective tissues; destroy pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes; large cells with vacuolated cytoplasm; also called tissue histiocytes

58
Q

Plasma cells

A

differentiate from B cells; produce antibodies from RER/Golgi; eccentric nucleus with potentially visible ergastoplasm

Histology (15 decks)

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