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Nursing 130 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

How does IASP define pain?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

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1
Q

What is pain?

A

is a subjective and individual phenomenon that people encounter during their lives.

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2
Q

Pain triggers what nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

What is a Nocieption?

A

Normal processing of painful stimuli and is described in terms of four-steps process that occurs when acute pain becomes a conscious event

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4
Q

What is the nocieptive system

A

From the periphery through the spinal cord, brain stem, and thalamus to the cerebral cortex, where the sensation is percieved.

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5
Q

What is the 1st step in the pain?

A

Tranduction. Energy is converted from one form to another, and injured cells release substances that activate or sensitize nearby nociceptors

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6
Q

Nocieptors are sensitive to what type of stiuli

A

Thermorecptors, Chemoreceptors, mechanical receptors (pressure or mechanical injury

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7
Q

What is spinal dorsal horn?

A

Complex processing of messages occurs, is one of the most important areas for pain transmission

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8
Q

What is modulation?

A

Inhibition of nociceptive impulses in the CNS. Tells the body to release Opioids to ease pain.

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9
Q

What is acute pain?

A

THe result of potential or actual tissue injury and includes activation of nociceptive nerve fibers at the site of localized injury.

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10
Q

What is persistent (Chronic) pain?

A

is abnormal pain signaling process with origins that can occur both peripherally and centrally.

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11
Q

What is the average time for persistent pain?

A

3-6 months and cyclical.

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12
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

as an exaggerated response to normal painful stimuli.

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13
Q

What is Allodynia?

A

another pain response phenomenon that occurs due to abnormal pain signaling and results in perceived pain with mild, non-painful stimuli.

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14
Q

Nociceptive pain is divided into two groups. What are they?

A

Somatic Pain, focused on bone, skin, and soft tissue and is often well localzed.
Visceral pain, which originates internally and is the result of streatchig, distention, inflammation, or damage to the hollow and solid organs. ie myocardial infarct.

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15
Q

The multidimensional pain experience includes four domains?

A

Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive, Psychological/Sensory

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16
Q

What is affective Factors?

A

Emotions, such as fear, anxiety, depression

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17
Q

What is a behavioral factor for pain?

A

How the pain is expressed to others impact pain intensity. May include personal prevention strategies.

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18
Q

What is Cognitive pain factors?

A

Beliefs, attitudes, meaning of pain and disease, memory of past pain.

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19
Q

Psychological pain factors?

A

results of which are perceived as pain.

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20
Q

What are Physiologic responses to acute pain?

A

BP, HR RR, and MR (Metabolic response)

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21
Q

Inpatient staff should assess pain how often?

A

No less than each shift and more often if pain is unrelieved.

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22
Q

What is tolerance?

A

A neuroadaptive response occurs, requiring a larger dose of the drug to produce the same effect.

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23
Q

What is Physical Depedence?

A

A physiologic adaption that is characterized by the development of withdrawal symptoms such as diaphororesis, anziety, tachycardia o nausea when the drug is stopped abruptly.

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24
What is Addiction
A chronic neurobiology disease that has genetic, psychoscial, and environmental influences.
25
What is a dermatone?
Defined as the band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve
26
What are distraction?
Any stimulus of reading, auditory, tactile, or visual.
27
What is hypertrophy?
Muscle diameter increases
28
What is Atrophy?
Muscle decrease in strength and size.
29
What is Body Mechanics?
Using alignment, posture, and balance in a coordinated effort to perform activities such as lifting, bending, moving.
30
What are the 4 rules of body mechanics?
Assess the situation carefully before acting Use the large muscle groups of the legs whenever possible Perform work at the appropriate height for body position Use mechanical lifts or assistance whenever needed to ease a move.
31
Aerobic exercise
Requires oxygen to use the energy provided by the metabolic activities of the skeletal muscles.
32
Anaerobic exercise
Occurs when the muscle cannot extract enough oxygen from the blood and anaerobic pathways provide addt'l energy for a short time.
33
Isotonic exercise
Dynamic form of exercise with constant muscle tension, muscle contraction, and active movement.
34
What is Gait?
Is the style and character of a person's walk
35
What controls your equilrium
Vestibular apparatus of the ear
36
What makes motor functions?
Cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia are responsible.
37
What initiates the initial impulse to move
The pyramidal tract
38
THe cerebellum does what?
Coordinates the motor activities of movement.
39
The cerebral cortez does what
Initiates voluntary motor activity
40
Basal ganglia does what?
Maintain posture
41
Stance phase
Heel strike, midstance, push-off
42
Swing phase
Completes the walking gait with another 3 events: acceleration, swing-through, deceleration
43
Why is it important to assess neuromuscularity in new borns.
IT is important to detect deformities or abnormalities that respond well to early tx
44
Rapid physical and sexual development occurs during what age of life?
Adolescence
45
Why is regular excise and optimal nutrition essential?
To maintain mobility and musculoskeletal functioning.
46
What is the maxim" use it or lose it" implied for what system?
The musculoskeletal
47
What is demineralization of the bone?
Osteoporosis
48
What is a degenerative joint disease?
Osteoarthritis
49
What is tetraplegia?
Describes paralysis of the arms and the legs and all muscle movement below the level of injury.
50
What is paraplegia?
Decreased motor and sensory function to the legs.
51
Why would a pt be place on bed rest?
To promote healing and tissue repair by decreasing metabolic needs to relieve edema to reduce the body's oxygen req to decrease pain to support a weak, exhausted, or febrile patient to avoid dislodging a DVT
52
What is hypotonicity or flaccidity?
Decreased tone can cause the muscles to stretch or contract
53
What is spasticity?
Neurologic impaiment that results in increase muscle tone.
54
What is ataxia?
impaired muscle coordination
55
What is a tremor?
a rhythmic, repetitive movement that can occur at rest or when movement is inititated. Interferes w/ fine motor control.
56
What is Chorea?
is a spontaneous, brief, involuntary muscle twitching of the limbs or facial muscles
57
Athetosis is what?
Movement characterized by slow, irregular twisting motions.
58
What is Dystonia?
similar to athetosis, but usually involves larger areas of the body
59
What is a spastic gait?
walking appears stiff and toes appear to catch and drag
60
What is a hemiplegic gait?
One leg is paralyzed, or neurologically damaged, so the leg is dragged or swung around to propel it forward.
61
What is festinating gait?
typified by walking on the toes as if being pushed, is common parkinson disease.
62
What is activity intolerance?
Person has inadequate physiologic or psychological energy to endure or to complete an activity.
63
What is Deep vein thrombosis DVT?
blood clot composed of platelets, fibrin, and cellular elements that attaches to the wall of the artery or vein
64
What is atelactasis?
Alveolar collapse
65
Impaired Immunity during immobility decreases what?
Normal concentration of circulation antibodies
66
What is Reactive hypermia?
Compensatory mechanism that responds to inadequate blood flow.
67
What is Urinary Stasis?
Delaying voiding causes urine to collect in the bladder.
68
What is Nocieceptive Pain?
Occurs in tissue other than the nervous system and is transmitted via intact nociceptors during normal pain transmission.
69
What are the 3 most common scales?
The numeric Rating scale, NRS, The Verbal descriptor scale, Faces pain scale FPS
70
What is the critical domains for successful execution of pain management plan.
Ask reg, assess systematically Believe patients self-report Choose tx options based on comprehensive assessment Deliver intervention in a coordinated way Evaluate tx effectiveness by reassessment

Nursing 130 (8 decks)

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