Unit 10 Abdominal Circulation & Urinary

Question 1

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

Answer 1

To make, store, and excrete urine

Additionally, it maintains blood pH, electrolyte, and blood pressure levels.

Question 2

What are the major regions of the kidney?

Answer 2

Renal cortex, renal columns, renal medulla

The renal medulla contains renal pyramids.

Question 3

What is the role of the renal arteries?

Answer 3

Transport oxygenated blood to the kidneys

The right renal artery is slightly longer than the left.

Question 4

What are the three major arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta?

Answer 4

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery

Question 5

What does the celiac trunk supply blood to?

Answer 5

Digestive organs

Branches include common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and left gastric artery.

Question 6

Which artery supplies the small intestines?

Answer 6

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 7

What is the function of the suprarenal arteries?

Answer 7

Supply blood to the adrenal glands

Question 8

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the capillary bed responsible for filtering blood in the kidney.

Answer 8

Glomerulus

Question 9

What are the three major processes in urine formation?

Answer 9

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 10

What is the path of blood circulation through the kidney?

Answer 10

Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radiate arteries → Afferent arterioles → Glomerulus → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries → Venules → Cortical radiate veins → Arcuate veins → Interlobar veins → Renal veins → Inferior vena cava

Question 11

True or False: The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the renal capsule?

Answer 12

A protective covering surrounding each kidney

Question 13

What is the function of the ureters?

Answer 13

Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Question 14

Identify the two types of nephrons.

Answer 14

Cortical nephron, juxtamedullary nephron

Question 15

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 15

Glomerulus, glomerular capsule

Question 16

What is the role of the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 16

Gas exchange and reclamation of nutrients lost from filtration

Question 17

What drains blood from the liver?

Answer 17

Hepatic veins

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The _______ collects urine from the renal pyramids.

Answer 18

Minor calyx

Question 19

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Answer 19

Collects urine from major calyces before it moves to the ureters

Question 20

List the veins that merge with the inferior vena cava.

Answer 20

Suprarenal veins, renal veins, gonadal veins

Question 21

What anatomical feature prevents gas exchange in the glomerulus?

Answer 21

High blood pressure

Question 22

What is the primary function of the internal urethral sphincter?

Answer 22

Control urine flow from the bladder

Question 23

What distinguishes cortical nephrons from juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 23

Cortical nephrons are located primarily in the renal cortex, while juxtamedullary nephrons extend deeper into the medulla.

Question 24

What are peritubular capillaries responsible for?

Answer 24

Gas exchange and reclaiming nutrients lost from filtration

Peritubular capillaries surround nephrons and play a critical role in nutrient reabsorption.

Question 25

What is the sequence of veins that blood travels through after peritubular capillaries?

Answer 25

Blood flows from venules to cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, to renal veins into the inferior vena cava ## Footnote This sequence is the reverse of that of the arteries.

Question 26

What anatomical feature makes the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?

Answer 26

The inferior vena cava is located more on the right side of the body. ## Footnote This anatomical difference affects the lengths of the renal veins.

Question 27

What are the four regions of a nephron?

Answer 27

* Glomerular capsule * Proximal convoluted tubule * Loop of Henle * Distal convoluted tubule ## Footnote These regions are essential for urine formation.

Question 28

What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 28

To filter blood ## Footnote The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

Question 29

What does the glomerular capsule do?

Answer 29

Catches filtered molecules, forming filtrate ## Footnote Filtrate contains electrolytes, water, glucose, and waste products.

Question 30

What is the primary role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 30

Reabsorption of nutrients and water ## Footnote Approximately 60% of water and 100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed here.

Question 31

What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 31

Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli ## Footnote Microvilli increase surface area for nutrient reabsorption.

Question 32

Fill in the blank: Tubular _______ is the process of selectively adding substances into the filtrate.

Answer 32

secretion ## Footnote This process allows for the elimination of certain substances from the body.

Question 33

What is the function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Answer 33

Transports water out of the filtrate ## Footnote This limb has a simple squamous epithelium that facilitates water movement.

Question 34

What occurs in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Answer 34

Sodium chloride moves out of filtrate ## Footnote This limb does not allow water movement due to its cuboidal cells.

Question 35

What hormone promotes calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 35

Parathyroid hormone ## Footnote This hormone plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis.

Question 36

What is the role of the collecting ducts?

Answer 36

Fine tuning of urine before it exits the kidney ## Footnote Collecting ducts are the last region in the kidney involved in urine formation.

Question 37

What is the main function of the ureters?

Answer 37

Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder ## Footnote Ureters have smooth muscle layers that aid in peristalsis.

Question 38

What type of epithelium composes the walls of the urinary bladder?

Answer 38

Transitional epithelium ## Footnote This type of epithelium allows for stretching as the bladder fills with urine.

Question 39

What muscle contracts to release urine from the urinary bladder?

Answer 39

Detrusor muscle ## Footnote The detrusor muscle contracts when the bladder is full.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: The urethra releases urine to the outside of the _______.

Answer 40

body ## Footnote The urethra also serves as a passageway for sperm in males.

Question 41

What is the length of the female urethra?

Answer 41

About four centimeters (one and a half inches) ## Footnote The shorter length makes females more prone to urinary tract infections.

Question 42

What are the three regions of the male urethra?

Answer 42

* Prostatic urethra * Membranous urethra * Spongy urethra ## Footnote These regions vary in length and surround different tissues.

Question 43

What histological feature distinguishes the kidney from other organs?

Answer 43

Presence of renal corpuscles ## Footnote Renal corpuscles consist of glomeruli and glomerular capsules.

Question 44

What is the appearance of proximal convoluted tubules under a microscope?

Answer 44

Fuzzier appearance due to microvilli ## Footnote The microvilli enhance reabsorption efficiency.

Question 45

What type of epithelium is found in the ureters?

Answer 45

Transitional epithelium ## Footnote This epithelium protects tissues from toxins and accommodates volume changes.

Question 46

What happens to the appearance of the bladder when it is collapsed?

Answer 46

It has inner folds of rugae ## Footnote These folds smooth out as the bladder fills with urine.