UNIT 11 Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the glands of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary (anterior and posterior), pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes)

These glands produce hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

Question 2

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

To regulate the activities of our body’s cells with hormones through chemical reactions.

Question 3

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 3

Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, prolactin.

Question 4

Which hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones?

Answer 4

Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Question 5

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 5

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

Question 6

What structure in the brain manufactures the hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes?

Answer 6

The hypothalamus.

Question 7

What is the chain of chemical reactions that occur to make thyroid hormone?

Answer 7

Anterior pituitary secretes thyroid stimulating hormone, triggering thyroid gland to produce thyroglobulin, which binds with iodine to form thyroid hormone.

Question 8

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

Answer 8

Regulation of our body’s cells’ metabolism.

Question 9

What cells secrete calcitonin?

Answer 9

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid.

Question 10

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 10

Helps to lower increased blood calcium levels.

Question 11

What are the target cells of calcitonin?

Answer 11

Bone building cells (osteoblasts).

Question 12

What is the name of the glandular tissue posterior to the thyroid?

Answer 12

Parathyroid glands.

Question 13

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

Answer 13

Parathyroid hormone.

Question 14

What happens when blood calcium levels are low?

Answer 14

Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone, targeting bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase blood calcium levels.

Question 15

How does the body respond to high blood glucose levels?

Answer 15

Pancreas detects high levels, beta cells secrete insulin, allowing cells to uptake glucose and decrease blood glucose levels.

Question 16

How does the body respond to low blood glucose levels?

Answer 16

Pancreas detects low levels, alpha cells secrete glucagon, triggering liver to release glucose into the blood.

Question 17

What are the three layers in the cortical region of the adrenal gland?

Answer 17

1) Zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
2) Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
3) Zona reticularis - secretes gonadocorticoids.

Question 18

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 18

Increases blood pressure by signaling kidneys to reabsorb more sodium and promote water retention.

Question 19

What is the function of cortisol?

Answer 19

Targets adipose tissue to convert fat into glucose and aids in protein conversion to glucose.

Question 20

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal gland’s medulla region?

Answer 20

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 21

What is the function of epinephrine?

Answer 21

Acts as a bronchial dilator and helps with blood flow to skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue.

Question 22

What is the function of norepinephrine?

Answer 22

Involved with vasoconstriction.

Question 23

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 23

Melatonin.

Question 24

When is melatonin level higher, at night or at noon?

Answer 24

At night.

Question 25

What blood vessel supplies blood to the pituitary gland?

Answer 25

Internal carotid artery.

Question 26

What tropic hormones do the ovaries and testes respond to?

Answer 26

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Question 27

How do the ovaries respond to tropic hormones?

Answer 27

Follicles start to grow and secrete estrogen.

Question 28

How do the testes respond to tropic hormones?

Answer 28

Produce sperm cells and secrete testosterone.

Question 29

Do increases in female hormones always have a negative feedback response?

Answer 29

No, at certain levels, estrogen causes an increase in follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone production.

Question 30

What happens during the positive feedback mechanism in females?

Answer 30

Luteinizing hormone causes a mature follicle to release its egg (ovulation).

Question 31

What hormone in the male reproductive system stops the secretion of tropic hormones?

Answer 31

Testosterone.

Question 32

Which tropic hormones are inhibited by testosterone?

Answer 32

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Question 33

List the endocrine glands that use the mechanism of humoral stimuli.

Answer 33

Pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid.

Question 34

List the endocrine glands that use the mechanism of hormonal stimuli.

Answer 34

Anterior pituitary, cortex of adrenal gland, thyroid, gonads.

Question 35

List the endocrine glands that use the mechanism of neural stimuli.

Answer 35

Medulla of adrenal gland, pineal gland.

Question 36

What is the function of oxytocin?

Answer 36

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Question 37

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 37

Helps the body retain water to increase blood volume.