Unit 2

Question 1

• assume the volume and shape of the container
• are compressible
• flow readily
• diffusion within a fas occurs rapidly

Answer 1

Gases

Question 2

• assume the shape of the part of the container they occupy but do not expand to fill the container
• are vitually compressible
• flow readily
• diffusion within a liquid occurs slowly

Answer 2

Liquids

Question 3

prefix, means to cross over the bondary

Answer 3

inter

Question 4

prefeix, means within, on the inside

Answer 4

intra

Question 5

When delta EN > 2.0 we have ____ bond

Answer 5

ionic

Question 6

When 0.4< delta EN< 2.0, we have _____ bond

Answer 6

polar

Question 7

When delta EN < 0.4 we have _______ bond

Answer 7

nonpolar

Question 8

the energies of attraction between particles

Answer 8

intermolecular attractions

Question 9

• retain their own volume and shape
• are virtually incompressible
• do not flow
• diffusion within a solid occurs extremely slowly

Answer 9

Solids

Question 10

kinetic energies are much larger than intermolecular attractions

Answer 10

Gases

Question 11

Intermolecular attractions are significant, but only strong enough to impose short-rant order

Answer 11

Liquids

Question 12

Intermolecular attractions are strong enough to hold the molecules in place

Answer 12

Solids

Question 13

are generally less than 15% as strong as ionic or covalent bonds

Answer 13

intramolecular forces

Question 14

attractions exist between an ion and the partial charge on the end of a polar molecule. An “honorary” I-M force.

Answer 14

Ion-dipole

Question 15

attractions occur when the partial positive end of one polar molecular is near the partial negative end of another polar molecule

Answer 15

Dipole-dipole

Question 16

occur when an instantaneous dipole (or van der Waals forces) occur when an instantaneous dipole (or temporary partial charge) in one atom or molecular induces a dipole in a neighboring atom or molecule

Answer 16

London dispersion forces (or van der Waals forces)

Question 17

are ones where there is a seperation of charge

Answer 17

polar molecules

Question 18

are especially important for solutions of ionic substances in polar substances (like NaCl in water)

Answer 18

Ion-dipole

Question 19

attractions occur between neutral, polar molecules

Answer 19

Dipole-dipole

Question 20

is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between electropositive H and O, N, or F.

Answer 20

Hydrogen bonding

Question 21

arise from the fact that electrons bound an atom are constantly shifting and can briefly make it a dipole. This can then induce a dipole on a nearby atom

Answer 21

Dispersion forces or van der Waals forces

Question 22

is a dipole-dipole interaction that is so strong it is considered separately from other dipole-dipole interactions

Answer 22

Hydrogen bonding

Question 23

is the interaction between a H atom in a polar bond (particularly H-F,H-O,H-N) and an unshared pair of electrons on a nearby electronegative ion or atom (usually F, O, or N).

Answer 23

Hydrogen bonding

Question 24

is the pressure exerted by its vapor when the liquid (or solid) and vapor statse are in dynamic equilbrium

Answer 24

vapor pressure

Question 25

are properties of solutions that depend solely on the number of particles of solute and NOT on their chemistry identity

Answer 25

colligative properties

Question 26

the material which is easy to evaporate

Answer 26

Volatile material

Question 27

the material which is not easy to evaporate

Answer 27

Nonvolatile material

Question 28

If electrons are removed from or added to an atom

Answer 28

ion

Question 29

an ion with a positive charge

Answer 29

cation

Question 30

a negatively charged ion

Answer 30

anion

Question 31

These latter ions consist of atoms joined as in a molecule, but they have a net positive or negative charge. Ex: NH4+, SO42-

Answer 31

polyatomic ions

Question 32

a compound made up of cations and anions

Answer 32

ionic compound

Question 33

are generally combinations of metals and non metals

Answer 33

ionic compound

Question 34

are generally composed of nonmetals only

Answer 34

molecular compounds

Question 35

solid to gas

Answer 35

sublimination

Question 36

gas to solid

Answer 36

deposition

Question 37

the highest temperature at which a distinct liquid phase can form

Answer 37

critical temp

Question 38

when the temperature exceeds the critical temperature and the pressure exceeds the critical pressure, the liquid and gas phases are indistinguishable from each other

Answer 38

supercritical fluid

Question 39

the pressure exerted by the vapor in the space above the liquid increases, after a short period of time the pressure of the vapor attains a constant value

Answer 39

vapor pressure

Question 40

The condition in which two opposing processes occur simultaneously at equal rates

Answer 40

dynamic equilbrium

Question 41

liquids that evaporate readily

Answer 41

volatile

Question 42

the boiling point of a liquid at 1 atm (760 torr) pressure

Answer 42

normal boiling point

Question 43

is a graphic way to summaraize the conditions under which equilbria exist between the different states of matter

Answer 43

phase diagram

Question 44

As a solid solute begins to dissolve in a solvent, the concentration of solute particles in solution increases, increasing the changes that some solute particles will collide with the surface of the solid and reattach

Answer 44

crystallization

Question 45

The solvent has so much solute in it that it is not capable of dissolving anymore

Answer 45

saturated

Question 46

the amount of solute needed to form a saturated solution in a given quantity of solvent

Answer 46

solubility

Question 47

the solvent is capable of dissolving more solute

Answer 47

unsaturated

Question 48

a metastable solution thatm through careful cooling of a saturated solutionm holds more solute than a saturated solution

Answer 48

supersaturated

Question 49

is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure acting on the surface of a liquid

Answer 49

boiling point

Question 50

is the temp at which soild and liquid coexist at 1 atm

Answer 50

norman melting point

Question 51

M | mol solute/volume of solution (L)

Answer 51

Molarity

Question 52

m | mol solute/mass of solvent (kg)

Answer 52

Molality

Question 53

% | mass of solute A/mass of solution * 100

Answer 53

mass percent

Question 54

ppm | mass of solute A/mass of solution * 100^6

Answer 54

parts per million

Question 55

ppb | mass of solute A/mass of solution * 10^9

Answer 55

parts per billion

Question 56

are properties of solutions that depend solely on their chemical identity - vapor pressure - boiling point - freezing point - osmotic pressure

Answer 56

colligative properties

Question 57

the extent to which the vapor pressureof a solvent is lowered by a nonvolatile solute is given, for an ideal solution

Answer 57

Raoults law

Question 58

the movement of solvent through a high concentration to a low concentration

Answer 58

osmosis

Question 59

is a compound made up of two elements.

Answer 59

binary compound

Question 60

an anion containing one or more oxygen atoms bonded to another element (as in the sulfate and carbonate ions)

Answer 60

oxyanion

Question 61

is the process of chilling a liquid below its freezing point, without it becoming solid.

Answer 61

supercooling

Question 62

the heat evolved or absorbed when a substance dissolves; specifically :the amount involved when one mole or sometimes one gram dissolves in a large excess of solvent.

Answer 62

heat of solution