Flashcards in Unit 2 Deck (35)
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Classes of word
Parts of speech, or categories words fall under that are the structure of the English language.
Content Words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs
Function Words: prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections
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Adjective
Class of Word that modify nouns.
- Morphological criterions: can end with {er}/{est}; more/most can precede it; can be added after "seem"
-Syntactical criterion: can be placed between a noun and its noun marker
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Adverb
Class of Word that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
-Morphological criterion: can end with the suffix -{ly} but there are many adverbs that cannot be identified by this method.
-Syntactical criterion: there are many placements for an adverb
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Criterion
Morphological (test to determine class of the word; usually a change in form)
Syntactical (test to determine class of the word; usually the slot where the word fits)
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Head
When discussing a phrase, the head is the noun.
e.g. "skilled typist": the head is "typist"
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Intransitive verb
-Verbs that do not take on an object.
e.g. The old man next door *died*. After the race, we *swam*. We often *jog* in the early morning.
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Modifier
When discussing a phrase, the modifier is the adjective.
e.g. "skilled typist": the modifier is "skilled"
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Modify
In the phrase "modify nouns" it is taken to mean: limit, describe, restrict.
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Noun
Class of Words: events, opinions, and causes.
Morphological Criterion: able add the suffix {s}
Syntactical Criterion: Word order; preceded by a noun marker (i.e. the, a, many, that)
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noun marker
Function words that precede a noun.
i.e. the, a, many, that, these
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noun modifier
A noun that modifies another noun.
e.g. "race horse", "race" is a noun modifier
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object
Word that comes after the verb. e.g. The frog grabbed the fly.
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past tense
A tense expressing an action that has happened or a state that previously existed.
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phrase
Groups of words.
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plural number
Multiple units of the noun.
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present tense
A tense expressing an action that is currently going on or habitually performed, or a state that currently or generally exists.
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singular number
One unit of the noun.
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slot
Position in a sentence
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tense
Category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking.
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transitive verb
Verbs that have an object following the verb.
e.g. Anna brought a book. My neighbor collects old cars. The teacher wrote many comments on my paper.
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verb
Class of Words: typically express action, state, or a relation between two things
Morphological criterions: changes in tense (e.g.walk→walked)
Syntactical criterion: usually follows one of the two following word-order patterns: subject-verb or
subject-verb-object
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alchemists
Origin: Greek or Egypt
Etymology: {chem}=[plant] juice or {Khem}=[dark]
Modern: person who attempts to change base metals (e.g., lead) into precious metals (e.g., gold)
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pandemonium
Origin: Greek
Etymology: "realm of all demons"
Modern: chaos, mayhem
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lunatic
Origin: Latin
Etymology: "moonstruck"
Modern: person who is insane
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punch
Origin: Hindi, Sanskrit
Etymology: "drink with five ingredients"
Modern: a drink with several ingredients
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decimated
Origin: Latin
Etymology: "punish/kill every tenth person"
Modern: to totally wipe out/demolish/destroy
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Stationary/Stationery
Stationary: standing without moving; derived from Latin.
Stationery: Writing materials; derived from Latin.
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Stationary/Stationery
Stationary: standing without moving; derived from Latin. (stare meaning stand)
Stationery: Writing materials; derived from Latin. (stare meaning stand)
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Conservatism/Conservation
Conservatism: The belief that on the whole it is best not to make changes, as opposed to progressivism.
Conservation: Preservation of such things as our natural resources.
Derived from L. conservare="to keep without change"
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