Unit 2 Ecology Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What is Ecology?
A
- Organisms relationships with each other
- Orgamisms interaction with the environment
2
Q
Biosphere
A
The portion of the Earth that supports life
3
Q
Biotic factors
A
-Living factors in an organisms environment
ex/: orgamisms, food, competitors, and predators
4
Q
Abiotic factors
A
non living factors in an organisms environment
ex/: temp.,air, sunlight, soil, rain
5
Q
Organism
A
Living creature/plant/bacteria
6
Q
Population
A
Individual organisms of a SINGLE species
7
Q
Biological Community
A
A group of interacting populations (Including bacteria)
8
Q
Ecosystem
A
A biological community and all abiot factors that affect it
9
Q
Biome
A
A large group of ecosystems
10
Q
Habitat
A
An area where an organism lives
11
Q
Nich
A
An organisms role or position
12
Q
Competition
A
2 or more organisms competeing for the same rescource
13
Q
Predetation
A
1 organism consuming another
14
Q
Symbiosis
A
When 2 or more organisms live together
15
Q
Commenalism
A
One benefits, one is neutral
16
Q
Mutualism
A
Both organisms benefit
17
Q
Parasitism
A
One helped, one is harmed
18
Q
Autotroph
A
Capture energy, making it avialible for all members of the food web (Collect energy from the sun)
19
Q
Heterotroph
A
Get energy by consuming other organisms
20
Q
Herbivore
A
Plant eater
21
Q
Carnivore
A
Meat eater
22
Q
Omnivore
A
Meat & Plant eater (Humans, Bears)
23
Q
Detritivore
A
Dead stuff eaters
24
Q
Trophic Levels
A
A step in the food chain/web
25
Food chain
A simple model showing how energy is transfered through an ecosystem
26
Food Web
Shows many interconnected food chains
27
Ecological Pyramids
Shows the reletive amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level
28
What percentage of energy is wasted at each step in food chain/web?
90%
29
What percentage of energy is given to the organism that eats another?
10%
30
Biomass
The total mass of tliving matter at each trophic level
31
What is at the bottom of the ecological/energy pyramid?
Primary Producers
32
What is at the top of the ecological/energy pyramid?
Tercirary Consumers (3-Consumers)
33
Nutrient
A chemical substance and organism needs to live
34
Cycles
Essential nutrients are cycled through the ecosystem
35
Biogeochemical
A cycle involving life, the earth, and chemicals
36
Watershed
Water collected underground (Groundwater)
37
Precipitation
Water falling from clouds
38
Transpiration
Water coming out of plants
39
Where does phosphorus come from?
Waste
40
8 steps to Eutrophication
1) Excess phospherous
2) Alge eats waste
3) Algal bloom
4) No sunlight below
5) Plants die
6) Bacteria eat plants
7) Uses up oxygen
8) Fish die
41
Long term phosphorous cycle leads to...
Phosphorus eroded from rocks
42
What is the main cause of eutrophication?
Fertilizers
43
Photosynthesis
Plants use carbon dioxide & water to make carbohydrates and oxygen
(CO2+H2O=C6H12O6+O2)
44
Respiration
- Opposite of photosythesis
| - Heterotrophs eaat glucose and breathe oxygen. They release carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
45
Combustion
Burning carbon fuels, releasing CO and CO2
46
Fossil Fuels
Peat, coal, oil, and gas that iss created when organic material is burned
47
Nitrogen Fixation
- Capturing & turning it into a plant-usable form
- Happens in roots of plants
- Bacteria does this
48
Nitrification
Ammonia->Nitrites->Nitrates<3 (which are usable)
49
Ammonification
Organisms die and decomposers turn them into ammonia
50
Denitrification
The reverse of nitrogen fixation
| -Nitrogen leaving soil into air
51
Decomposition & Urination
Nitrogen goes into the soil & is fixed by nitrogen fixing bacteria
52
Community
A group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time
53
Community ecology
All living organisms are limited by factors in the environment
54
Limiting Factors
Any abiotic of biotic factor that restrict the # of organisms
55
Range of Tolerance
The range between the upper and lower limit of abiotic and biotic factors in which and organism can survive
56
Ecological Succession
When one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors
57
Primary Succession
The establishment of a new community on exposed rock (lava)
- very rare
- Lichens and mosses(First plants to grow on rock)
58
Secondary Succession
The establishment of a community after a commnity has been removed but the soil is still in tact
-Fires, floods, windstorms
59
Climax communites
Occurs when there is no longer change
60
POPULATION GROWTH IS A CRITICAL FACTOR
.
61
Population Density
Number of organisms in an area
62
Population Distribution
How do they disperse themselves
63
Uniform
Even spacing
64
Clumped Groups
Heards
65
Random
More random
| -Plants
66
What 4 things go into determining population size?
1) Immigration
2) Emmigration
3) Mortality
4) Natality
67
What is the equation to find the total population?
Population + (Birth-Death) + (Immigration-Emigration) = Total Population
68
Exponential growth
Growth increaces exponentially/rapidly
69
What is a type of graph that shows exponential growth?
The J Curve graph
70
Doubling time
The amount of time it takes for a population to double
| -Short amnt. of time
71
What are 4 limiting factors that are density dependent?
1. Disease-(Spreads faster in high density pop. areas)
2. Competition-(Whe resources become limited)
3. Parasites-(The more dense the population, the more these will spread)
4. Population Growth
72
What graph shows when a population hits its carrying capacity?
S curve
73
Density Dependent Control
Depends on population of and area
74
Density Independent Factors
Does not depent on population
75
What type are r-stratigists?
Type 3
76
What type are k-stratigists?
Type 1
77
What are some examples of r-sratigists (type 3) ?
Seaturtles, spiders
78
What are some examples of k-stratigists (type 1) ?
Humans, elephants
79
Type 1
- Few offspring
- High parental care
- Low mortality rates in infancy
80
Type 2
-Medium care
-Medium # of offspring
-Constant death rate
(Song birds)
81
Type 3
-High # of offspring
-High mortality rate in infancy
(Seaturtles, insects)
82
Demography
The study of human pop. size, density, distribution, movement, and birth & death rates
83
Human Population Growth
Human pop. growth changes over time
84
What are 3 trends in human population
1) Zero population growth-(Population leveling off)
2) Age structure (*Pre-Reproductive
* Reproductive
* Post-Reproductive)
3) Human carying capacity-(Where # of resources are maxed out)
85
Why did the human population become so big?
1) Food Production
2) Medicine
3) Industry
86
Examples of Density Dependent Factors
* Food
* Disease
* Water
* Space
87
Examples of Density Independent Factors
* Meteor
* Nuclear
* Sun
* Nat. Disasters
88
Biodiversity
The variety of life in an area (# of species)
89
Extinction
When a species is completely gone
90
Genetic diversity
The varienty of genes or inheritable characteristics
91
How are organisms organized from organism to biosphere? (9)
```
1-Cells
2-Tissues
3-Organs
4-Organ systems
5-Organism
6-Populations
7-Communities
8-Ecosystems/Biomes
9-Biosphere
```
92
What is a habitat and a niche for a grasshopper?
Habitat: Tall Grass
Niche: Food sources for other animals
93
What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships?
1) Mutalism- (+,+)
2) Commenalism- (+,o)
3) Parasitism- (+, -)
94
What is a competitor for a squirrel?
A chipmunk
95
What is a predator for a squirrel?
An Eagle
96
What are the different levels of the food chain?
Trophic Levels
97
Draw and energy pyramid
Ter.Consumers
Seco. Consumers
Primary Consumers
PRIMARY PRODUCERS
98
What does biomass have to do with the energy pyramid?
Biomass is the total mass at each step/trophic level on the energy pyramid
99
What is a biogeochemical cycle?
A cycle involving life, the earth, & chemicals
100
What are the 6 steps of the water cycle?
1) Evaporation
2) Condensation
3) Precipitation
4) Runoff
5) Groundwater
6) Transpiration
101
What are the 4 steps in the carbon/oxygen cycle?
1) Photosynthesis
2) Respiration
3) Combustion
4) Fossil Fuels
