unit 2: essential, trace, and non-essential elements

Question 1

________: any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges.

• formed by the addition of electrons to, or the removal of electrons from, neutral atoms or molecules or other ions; by combination of ions with other particles.

Answer 1

ions

Question 2

________: widely used in biochemical functions.

________: study of chemistry of living organism (plants and/or animals). Whereas the branch of chemistry in which significant role of metal ions in biological systems are covered by _______ chemistry.

Answer 2

• ions
• Biochemistry
• bioinorganic

Question 3

• Important source of energy
• Includes protein, fat and carbohydrates

Answer 3

MACRO

1. bulk structural elements
   - C, H, O, N, P, S
2. macro mineral elements
   - Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl

Question 4

• Includes electrolytes
• Essential to fulfill important metabolic function
• Supports enzymes and hormones (cofactors)

Answer 4

MICRO

1. Trace (mg/L)
   - Fe, Cu, Zn, V, Ni, Cd, Li, Pb, Sn
2. Ultra trace (μg/L)
   - Metals: Mn, Mo, Co, Cr, Si, As, Se, Ba
   - Non-metals: F, I, B

Question 5

• Elements (chemistry) or dietary element (biology) found/needed in very small quantities or concentrations
• Has a specific role for maintaining normal living state of the tissue or body, the absence or deficiency of these elements results in death or a severe malfunction of the organism

CRITERIA:
- Should be present in tissues at comparable concentration
- Its withdrawal should produce some physiological or structural abnormalities
- presence prevents abnormalities
- The function of the element cannot be totally performed by any other element

Answer 5

ESSENTIAL (Bulk structural, macro mineral, and trace elements)

Question 6

Elements that have no known biological function and exposure to some may cause adverse health consequences

Answer 6

NON-ESSENTIAL (some of ultra trace elements)

Question 7

MACRO ELEMENTS/ELECTROLYTES

Answer 7

1. Ca
2. Cl
3. Mg
4. P
5. K
6. Na
7. S

Question 8

1,000 to 2,000 mg

Deficiency:
* Muscle cramp
* Unstable bones
* Eating disorders

Answer 8

Ca

Question 9

2,000 to 3000 mg

Deficiency:
* Hypochloremia
* Loss of fluid
* Fatigue

Answer 9

Cl

Question 10

300 to 350 mg

Deficiency:
* Muscle cramp
* Inner restlessness
* Eyelid flutter
* Sleep problems

Answer 10

Mg

Question 11

700 to 1250 mg

Deficiency:
* Osteomalacia
* Muscle weakness
* Anemia

Answer 11

P

Question 12

2000 to 3000 mg

Deficiency:
* Loss of fluids
* vomiting and diarrhea
* loss of consciousness

Answer 12

Potassium

Question 13

1000 to 1500 mg

Deficiency:
* Cramps and muscle tremors
* Dehydration
* Hyponatremia

Answer 13

Na

Question 14

900 to 10000 mg

Deficiency:
* muscle cramps
* stress and irritability

Answer 14

S

Question 15

MICRO elements/electrolytes

Answer 15

1. Cr
2. Co
3. I
4. Fe
5. Mn
6. Mo
7. Se
8. Zn

Question 16

25 to 40 mcg

Deficiency:
* Impairment of glucose utilization
* Metabolism disturbance
* Impaired fertility

Answer 16

Chromium (Cr2, Cr+3)

Question 17

2 to 3 mcg

Deficiency:
* Neutropenia
* Pernicious anemia
* Methylmalonic acidemia
* Osteoporosis
* Generalized pallor

Answer 17

Cobalt (Co+2)

Question 18

900 mcg

Deficiency:
* Anemia
* Weak immune system
* Growth depression
* Ataxia

Answer 18

Copper

Question 19

100 to 150 mcg

• Endemic goiter
• Cretenism
• Reproductive failure

Answer 19

Iodine

Question 20

8 to 18 mg

• Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Answer 20

Iron

Question 21

2 to 5 mg

• Impaired glucose utilization

Answer 21

Manganese (Mn+2)

Question 22

45 mcg

• Molybdenum co-factor deficiency (MOCOD)
• Impaired glucose utilization

Answer 22

Molybdenum

Question 23

60 to 70 mcg

• Growth depression

Answer 23

Selenium (Se-2)

Question 24

7 to 11 mg

• Growth retardation
• Immunosuppression
• Mental symptoms

Answer 24

Zinc (Zn+2)

Question 25

NON-ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS/ELECTROLYTES

Answer 25

1. Aluminum 2. arsenic 3. barium 4. boron 5. fluorine 6. gold 7. lead 8. lithium 9. mercury 10. silver 11. strontium

Question 26

* Soluble aluminum compounds are used as an astringent and antiseptic * Production of deodorant in the cosmetic industry

Answer 26

aluminum

Question 27

* Component in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and amoebiasis * Fowler's solution (arsenic trioxide + potassium bicarbonate): treatment of leukemia

Answer 27

arsenic

Question 28

* Component in Barium sulfate (diagnostic agent)

Answer 28

barium

Question 29

Component in Bismuth subsalicylate (treatment of diarrhea, GERD and indigestion)

Answer 29

bismuth

Question 30

* Contributes to normal growth and healthy body * Component in the treatment for epilepsy

Answer 30

boron

Question 31

* Anticarcinogenic action * Inhibition of development of dental cavity

Answer 31

fluorine

Question 32

* Component in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus

Answer 32

gold

Question 33

* Binds to proteins and changes the structure and function, including the inhibition of many enzymes

Answer 33

lead

Question 34

* Component in the treatment for manic-depressive disorder * Contributes to diuresis

Answer 34

lithium

Question 35

* Component in diuretics, antiseptics, parasiticide and fungicide * Mercurial diuretics to remove excess fluid in cardiac edema

Answer 35

mercury

Question 36

* Protein precipitant (varies as antiseptic, astringent, imitant or corrosive → depending on ion concentration)

Answer 36

silver

Question 37

*Component in Strontium bromide (sedative) * Component in Strontium lactate (treatment of osteoporosis) * Component in Strontium chloride (dental desensitizing agent)

Answer 37

Strontium