Unit 9: Antidote and Chelation Therapy Flashcards
(23 cards)
- defined as those substances, which react specifically with an ingested poison or toxic substance or an overdosage of a potent drug
- either neutralize the poison or its toxic effect or pharmacologically or chemically by converting them to non-toxic or less toxic forms.
- an agent which counteracts: ______, ______, _____
ANTIDOTE
- poison, Overdosage of a potent drug, Toxic substance
- poison
- substance that, when ingested, inhaled, or otherwise absorbed into the body, can cause harm or be fatal
- can come from various sources, including chemicals, toxins, plants, or certain foods
- have a wide range of effects on the human body, from mild discomfort to severe illness
POISON
Most common cause of Poisoning:
_____________
other causes:
- environmental contamination with heavy metals –> food and water contamination
Insecticides or pesticides, Excessive use of drugs, Intentional to commit suicide or murder.
Different types of poisoning:
Antidotes are generally discussed on ________ and _______.
- heavy metals and cyanide poisoning
- cyanide poisoning
- heavy metal poisoning
- food poisoning
- water poisoning
__________ a life-threatening condition caused by exposure to cyanide, a highly toxic chemical
Cyanide poisoning
Common sources of cyanide exposure include ___________, __________, __________
The symptoms of cyanide poisoning can range from ______, ______, ______ to more severe manifestations such as _______ and _______
Mechanism of action
1-5
- industrial accidents
- smoke inhalation
- consumption of certain foods like apricot kernels.
+ rapid breathing
+ confusion
+ headache
+ seizures and loss of consciousness.
Mechanism of action
1. Inhibits cellular respiration –> Cytochrome oxidase
2. Tissues cannot utilize oxygen
3. Tissues die
4. The person dies
clinical effects of cyanide poisoning in the CNS and cardiovascular
CNS
- headache
- dizziness
- seizure
- coma
CARDIOVASCULAR
- hypertension (bradycardia)
- hypotension (later in course)
- cardiovascular collapse
For cyanide poisoning two inorganic compounds, _________ and ________ is administered intravenously.
The action of these two compounds are as follows:
Sodium nitrite is able to convert _________ to __________, thus cyanide poisoning of _________ is prevented.
This process is ________. So immediately after the injection of sodium nitrite a slow intravenous infusion of _______ is given. The sulfur ion reacts with the cyanide ion and converts it to nontoxic ________, which is eliminated out through urine.
- sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate
- hemoglobin to methemoglobin
- Cytochrome enzyme
- reversible
- sodium thiosulfate
- thiocyanate
CHEMICAL FORMULAR & MW
= Sodium Nitrite (_____), MW: ____
STANDARDS: Should contain ___-___% NaNO2
METHOD OF PREPARATION:
2Na2CO3+ 4NO + O2 -> 4NaNO2 + 2CO2
MEDICINAL USES:
1. _______
2. _______
- NaNO2; 68.09
- 97% - 101%
Medicinal uses:
- Antidote for cyanide poisoning
- Vasodilator
CHEMICAL FORMULAR & MW
= Sodium Thiosulfate (________), MW: _____
STANDARDS: Should contain ___-___% Na2S2O3 5H2O
SYNONYMS:
- ________
- ________
- ________
METHOD OF PREPARATION:
– 2Na2CO3 + H2O + 2SD2 -> NaHSO3 + CO2
– NaHSO3 + Na2CO3 -> 2Na2SO3 + H2O + CO2
– Na2SO3+S-> Na2S2O3
– 6 NaOH+ 4S -> 2Na2S+ Na2S2O3 + 3H2O
PROPERTIES
* Colorless large crystals or a coarse crystalline powder
* Odorless
* _______ in moist air and ______ in dry air at temperature above 33°C
* It dissolves in its water of crystallization at about 49°C
TEST FOR PURITY
- Appearance of solution, pH, Arsenic, Heavy metals, Chlorides, Sulfides, Sulfates and Sulfites
MEDICINAL USES
1. ______
2. ______
- Na2S2O3 5H2O; 248.2
- 99% - 101%
SYNONYMS:
- Sodium hypofite
- Hypo
- Antichlor
PROPERTIES
- Deliquescent
- effloresces
MEDICINAL USES
1. Anti-dote for cyanide poisoning
2. Parasitic skin diseases
Activated Charcoal (C), MW: _____
SYNONYMS:
- Universal antidote
- Decolorizing Charcoal
PROCUREMENT:
Activated Charcoal is obtained from _______ matter by suitable carbonization processes intended to confer a high ______ power
METHOD OF PREPARATION
1. Wood, coconut shell heated at ______°C in absence of air -> Vegetable Charcoal
2. Vegetable Charcoal heated at _____-_____°C in Exposed to air/ steam/ carbon dioxide/ sulfuric acid/ Phosphoric acid/zinc chloride -> Activated charcoal
3. Storing in a suitable container
TEST FOR PURITY:
Copper, Chlorides, Zinc, Acid-soluble substances, Acidity or alkalinity, Lead, Loss on drying, Ethanol-soluble substances, Absorbing power, Uncarbonized constituents, Sulphated ash, Sulfide, Alkali-soluble colored matter, Sulphates
STORAGE: Store protected from ______
MEDICINAL USES
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
- 12.01
- vegetable
- adsorbing
+ 6,000°C
+ 5,000°C to 9,000°C
moisture
MEDICINAL USES
1. Adsorbent in food and alkaloidal poisoning
2. absorbs various gases and toxins
3. dyes and decolorizing agent
The common heavy metals responsible for poisoning are the salts of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _______.
Heavy metals poisoning occurs because of overdose intake or because of their incomplete metabolism on the body.
The mechanism involved in treating the heavy metal poisoning is by administering the drugs, which form a _____ with poison, and converting them into the non-toxic substance and eliminating out from the body through oral or through urine.
The initial treatment for heavy metal poisoning is administration of __________ for absorbing the heavy metal or poison and followed by drugs, which causes _____ so that the poison is removed from circulation.
- arsenic
- lead
- mercury
- iron
- cadmium
+ chelate
- activated charcoal
- emesis
Some of the inorganic compounds used as antidotes for heavy metal poisoning are _______, _______, ________ etc.
- copper sulphate
- magnesium sulphate
- sodium phosphate
organic compounds which are widely used
- D-Penicillamine
- Deferoxamine
- Dimercaprol
- Succimer
- Calcium disodium EDTA
used for copper, magnesium, and lead poisoning
D-pencillamine
against iron
deferoxamine
arsenic, gold, mercury poisoning
dimercaprol
arsenic, lead, mercury poisoning
succimer
- universal antidote (forms complex with most of the heavy metals)
- not much used because of its side effect
- universal antidote is _________
- activated charcoal
Calcium disodium EDTA
The effectiveness of antidotes depends on various factors, including the .
While antidotes can be highly effective, there are ___ guarantees, and prompt medical attention is always crucial in cases of poisoning.
- type and amount of poison
- timing of administration
- overall health of the individual
NO
used against toxic substances, poisoning and overdose of potent drug
ANTIDOTE
Cyanide poisoning treatment: ________ & ________
- Sodium nitrite
- sodium thiosulfate
Universal antidote, as it has good adsorbing property
Activated Charcoal
