unit 3

Question 1

• accounting on average for 60% of the body weight, is the largest component of the human body

▪ it is the building material for cells and body fluids

▪ it acts as a reaction medium, as a solvent and as a reactant

▪ It is also the transporter of nutrients and helps in the elimination of body wastes through urine

▪ It is essential for the control of body temperature through sweat evaporation.

Answer 1

water

Question 2

Water is distributed in the body among two main compartments:

Answer 2

1. intracellular fluid volume
2. extracellular fluid volume
   - interstitial fluid
   - plasma fluid

Question 3

Passive transport mechanisms

Answer 3

1. simple diffusion
2. facilitated diffusion
3. filtration
4. osmosis

Question 4

active transport mechanism

Answer 4

1. antiport pumps
2. symport pumps
3. endocytosis
4. exocytosis

Question 5

• Vomiting, diarrhea
• Excess sweating
• Diabetes insipidus
• Uncontrolled DM
• Fever and burns
• Wound drainage

Answer 5

hypovolemia

Question 6

• Medication side effect (i.e NSAID, steroid, hormones, HTN medication);
• Mild: staying in one position for too long, salty food, pre-menstrual or pregnant;
• Serious: CHF, liver and kidney damage, DVT and lack of protein.

Answer 6

hypervolemia (edema)

Question 7

water balance

Answer 7

• hypovolemia
• hypervolemia (edema)

Question 8

• Acute weight loss
• Decreased skin turgor
• Concentrated urine
• Weak and rapid pulse
• Sensations of thirst
• Weakness and dizziness
• Muscle cramps

Answer 8

hypovolemia

Question 9

• Swelling or puffiness of the tissue under the skin of legs/arms
• Stretched or shiny skin
• Pitting or dimpling of skin
• Swelling of abdomen
• Feeling of leg heaviness

Answer 9

hypervolemia (edema)

Question 10

electrolyte balance

Answer 10

• Na
• K
• Ca
• Mg
• P
• Cl

Question 11

• Hyponatremia
• Hypernatremia

Answer 11

sodium

Question 12

• Hypokalemia
• Hyperkalemia

Answer 12

potassium

Question 13

• Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemia

Answer 13

calcium

Question 14

• Hypomagnesemia
• Hypermagnesemia

Answer 14

magnesium

Question 15

• Hypophosphatemia
• Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 15

phosphorous

Question 16

• Hypochloremia
• Hyperchloremia

Answer 16

chloride

Question 17

• Excessive salt intake

Signs and symptoms:
* Lethargy and weakness
* Irritability
* Seizures

Answer 17

hypernatremia

Question 18

• Excessive water intake
• Diuretics

Signs and symptoms:
* Headache
* Confusion
* Coma

Answer 18

hyponatremia

Question 19

• Kidney dysfunction
• Excessive potassium intake
• Use of ACE inhibitors

Signs and symptoms:
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Cramping
* Diarrhea
* Irritability

Answer 19

Hyper
kalemia

Question 20

• Loop and thiazide diuretics
• IV administration of insulin

Signs and symptoms:
* Weakness and lethargy
* Arrythmias

Answer 20

Hypo
kalemia

Question 21

• Overactive parathyroid glands
• cancer

Signs and symptoms:
* N/V
* Thirst
* Constipation

Answer 21

Hyper
calcemia

Question 22

• Use of diuretics
• Parathyroid glands removal

Signs and symptoms:
* Numbness and tingling
* Chvotek’s sign
* Tetany

Answer 22

Hypo
calcemia

Question 23

• Kidney disease
• Excessive magnesium intake (i.e laxative and antacids)

Signs and symptoms:
* Muscle weakness,
* tremors and slow reflexes
* Bradycardia

Answer 23

Hyper
magnesemia

Question 24

• Use of diuretics
• Malnutrition
• Alcohol abuse

Signs and symptoms:
* N/V
* Weakness and lethargy
* Cramps and tremors
* Arrythmia
* Tetany

Answer 24

Hypo
magnesemia

Question 25

* Hyperphosphatemia can remove calcium from your bones and blood, causing hypocalcemia Signs and symptoms: * Advanced chronic kidney disease

Answer 25

Hyper phosphatemia

Question 26

* Recovery of diabetes-related ketoacidosis * Alcohol withdrawal * Severe burns * Respiratory alkalosis Signs and symptoms: * Muscle and bone pain * Severe muscle weakness * Seizures * Altered mental status * Respiratory or heart failure

Answer 26

Hypo phosphatemia

Question 27

* ↑ Intake of saline solution * Severe diarrhea * Kidney disease * Bromide poisoning * Respiratory alkalosis Signs and symptoms: * Fatigue & muscle weakness * Excessive thirst * Dry mucous membranes * High blood pressure

Answer 27

Hyper chloremia

Question 28

* Prolonged vomiting * Diarrhea and sweating * Medications such as antacids, diuretics or laxatives) * Metabolic alkalosis * Diabetes * Heart failure * Kidney disease Signs and symptoms: * Fatigue and weakness * Dizziness * N/V → dehydration * Difficulty in breathing

Answer 28

Hypochloremia

Question 29

chemical system designed to prevent dramatic alterations in fluid pH by binding up any changes in hydrogen ion concentrations due to excess acid or base production.

Answer 29

buffer

Question 30

Buffers in the blood:

Answer 30

1. Hemoglobin buffer 2. Bicarbonate buffer (H2CO3/HCO3-) 3. Phosphate buffer (H2PO4/HPO42-) 4. Protein buffers (NH4+/COO-)

Question 31

* Renal disease (i.e hepatitis and cirrhosis) * Increased acid production in diabetes mellitus) * Hyperthyroidism * Alcoholism * Starvation * Loss of alkali in diarrhea * Acid retention in renal failure

Answer 31

acidosis metabolic

Question 32

* Lung disease blocking gas diffusion (i.e asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia and emphysema) * Depression of respiratory center by drugs * Nervous system disorders (i.e cardiopulmonary arrest, stroke and poliomyelitis)

Answer 32

acidosis respiratory

Question 33

* Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea * Disease of the adrenal glands * Ingestion of excess alkali (i.e antacids and bicarbonates)

Answer 33

alkalosis metabolic

Question 34

* Hyperventilation due to anxiety, hysteria, fever or exercise * Reaction to drugs (i.e salicylate, quinine and antihistamines) * Conditions causing hypoxia (i.e pneumonia, pulmonary edema and heart disease)

Answer 34

alkalosis respiratory