Unit 2 Exam

Question 1

grasslands with sparse tree cover
* Rainfall amounts do not support forests
* Dry season prone to fire
* Plants with deep, long-lived roots and other adaptations to survive
drought, heat, and fire

Answer 1

Savannas

Question 2

Characterized by low moisture levels (less than 30 cm per year) and precipitation that is infrequent and unpredictable from year to year

Plants exhibit water conservation characteristics such as water storing stems, thick epidermis to reduce water loss, and salt tolerance

Answer 2

Desert

Question 3

Slow growing vegetation is damaged by off road vehicles

Answer 3

Slow growing vegetation is damaged by off road vehicles
* Takes decades for desert soils to recover

Question 4

Communities of grasses and seasonal herbaceous flowering plants (forbs)

Thick organic soils

Much converted to farmland. Tallgrass prairies in the U.S. are now mostly farms

Answer 4

Temperature Grasslands

Question 5

Characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters

Referred to as chaparral in California.

Answer 5

Temperature Shrubland

Question 6

a cool, rainy forest often enshrouded in fog

Answer 6

Temperate Rainforest

Question 7

Northern Coniferous Forest
* Dominated by pines, hemlock, spruce, cedar and fir (coniferous trees) with some deciduous trees

Answer 7

Boreal Forest

Question 8

Photosynthesis is carried out by algae or free floating plants

Answer 8

Phytoplankton

Question 9

trees that grow in saltwater along tropical coastlines

Answer 9

Mangroves

Question 10

____ of marine fish and shellfish rely on estuaries for spawning and development

Answer 10

2/3

Question 11

bays or semi-enclosed bodies of brackish water that form where rivers enter the ocean

Answer 11

Estuaries

Question 12

________Wetlands with trees
________ Wetlands without trees

Answer 12

Swamps, Marshes

Question 13

Conservation is very important due to rich biodiversity. _________
are the breeding grounds for birds. Retain storm water. One of
the greatest areas of concern for biologists

Answer 13

Wetlands

Question 14

The environments that cover two-thirds of earth’s surface and thus have a large influence on our climate and are the source of much of our food, are environments.

Answer 14

Ocean environments

Question 15

Tropical moist forests all have abundant moisture and uniform

Answer 15

temperatures

Question 16

Select the statement below that accurately describes nutrient cycling in a tropical moist forest.

Multiple choice question.
Nutrient recycling generally does not occur in tropical moist forests as the frequent rains wash the nutrients away.
Nutrients recycle quickly and living organisms contain about 90% of the nutrients in the system.
Nutrients recycle slowly and the majority of nutrients are locked up in the deep rich soil.

Answer 16

Nutrients recycle quickly and living organisms contain about 90% of the nutrients in the system

Question 17

Which of the following is the best definition for the term biome?

Multiple choice question.
A human-made habitat where everything is recycled and sustainable
A place where organisms live
Species with similar characteristics that live on different continents
Environments that have similar climate, growth patterns, and vegetation

Answer 17

Environments that have similar climate, growth patterns, and vegetation

Question 18

What two characteristics are the most important in determining the distribution of a biome?

Multiple choice question.
Temperature and precipitation
Altitude and precipitation
Latitude and longitude
Biological productivity and ecosystem resilience

Answer 18

Temperature and Precipitation

Question 19

Ocean environments cover two-thirds of the earth’s surface and thus are important for that reason alone. Why else are marine environments important?

Multiple select question.
The chemicals needed to form DNA are found only in seafood.
They provide the mass needed to keep the planet revolving about its axis.
They regulate our climate through photosynthesis and other processes.
They provide much of our food

Answer 19

They regulate our climate through photosynthesis and other processes.
They provide much of our food

Question 20

The thin, nutrient-poor soils found in tropical moist forests Blank______.

Multiple select question.
cannot support long-term agricultural production
are easily eroded when the forests are removed
allow plant life to be quickly restored after the forest is cut
are difficult to damage by modern forest clear-cutting techniques

Answer 20

cannot support long-term agricultural production are easily eroded when the forests are removed

Question 21

Common attributes of tropical moist forests include ample ______ and uniform ______.

Multiple choice question.
sunlight; elevation
rainfall; temperatures
cloud cover; altitude
vegetation; topography

Answer 21

rainfall; temperatures

Question 22

What information is displayed on a climograph for a given location?

Multiple choice question.
The biodiversity of an area and the relative biological productivity for each month of the year
The yearly temperature average for each year there is a modern temperature record
The long-term average of the temperature and precipitation for each month
The long-term average atmospheric pressure and relative humidity for each month

Answer 22

The long-term average of the temperature and precipitation for each month

Question 23

A community with drought-tolerant forest species, hot temperatures year-round, and low precipitation for most of the year except for periodic rain to support tree growth describes the ______ biome.

Answer 23

tropical season forest

Question 24

An ecological community with distinct temperature and precipitation patterns is called a(n)

Answer 24

biome

Question 25

What is the difference between grasslands and savannas?

Answer 25

Savannas have a sparse tree cover in addition to the grass-covered areas.

Question 26

Biomes are differentiated by temperature and precipitation. Which of the following answers correctly ranks the biomes from high to low precipitation and high to low temperature?

Answer 26

Tropical rainforest, boreal forest, tundra

Question 27

The biome that is defined by unpredictable and low (under 30 cm per year) precipitation rates is the biome

Answer 27

Deserts

Question 28

Why is it difficult to restore tropical moist forests once they have been removed?

Answer 28

Since 90 percent of the nutrients in a tropical moist forest are above its soil, the thin soil alone cannot support a rainforest's regrowth.

Question 29

A graph that displays the plot of precipitation and temperature variation over a year for a given location is called a ______.

Answer 29

climograph

Question 30

Identify conditions that are associated with limited rainfall, and hence, desert biomes.

Answer 30

A location in a continental interior Warm, dry, high-pressure systems Extremely cold air

Question 31

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a tropical seasonal forest?

Answer 31

Dry year round

Question 32

The controlling factor in determining where grasslands will occur as a terrestrial biome is the Blank______.

Answer 32

amount of rain the region receives

Question 33

Deserts are abundant near 30ο north and south latitudes because Blank______

Answer 33

warm, high-pressure systems exist there

Question 34

Which of the following characteristics produce a temperate shrubland?

Answer 34

Cool, moist winters Hot season coincides with a dry season

Question 35

Deciduous temperate forests tend to occupy climates that are Blank______ than climates where there are coniferous temperature forests.

Answer 35

moister and more moderate in temperature

Question 36

What characteristics are associated with temperate rainforests?

Answer 36

California redwoods can be found in them. They receive abundant rain. Foggy conditions are common.

Question 37

Which of the following describe coniferous forests?

Answer 37

Which of the following describe coniferous forests?

Question 38

What organisms form the base of the marine ecosystem?

Answer 38

Phytoplankton

Question 39

Because of the lack of nutrients, biological productivity is often low in

Answer 39

open ocean

Question 40

Locations in the ocean where excess nutrients support rapid bacterial growth and a resulting removal of dissolved oxygen from the waters are called _____ zones

Answer 40

dead

Question 41

Which of the following are threats to the rich, diverse communities found in coral reef biomes?

Answer 41

Introduced pathogens and predators Trash and sewage Excess nutrient runoff from land Destructive fishing methods

Question 42

When corals are stressed by increasing ocean water temperatures they often expel their algal symbionts. This process is called coral Blank______

Answer 42

Bleaching

Question 43

Which of the following are true with regards to mangroves?

Answer 43

They grow in salt water. They help to stabilize shorelines. Their forests serve as critical nursery grounds for many crustaceans and fish.

Question 44

What are the causes of "dead zones" in the ocean? They occur where Blank_____

Answer 44

nutrients are overly abundant and bacterial growth and decay consume almost all of the dissolved oxygen from the water

Question 45

Coral bleaching occurs when Blank____

Answer 45

elevated water temperatures cause corals to expel their symbiotic algal partners

Question 46

Depressions in rocky shorelines that are flooded with water at high tide and retain some of the water at low tide

Answer 46

tide pools

Question 47

low, narrow, sandy islands that form parallel to a coastline

Answer 47

barrier islands

Question 48

They occur in rocky shorelines. They experience extreme conditions as they are flooded with cold ocean water at high tide and hit with desiccating sunshine at low tide.

Answer 48

tide pools

Question 49

The low, narrow, sandy islands that form parallel to a coastline and that are supplied by a steady source of sediment from the nearby continental shelf and river outlets are called

Answer 49

Barrier islands

Question 50

In Arizona, most birds gather in trees and bushes surrounding the few available rivers and streams. This behavior shows that Blank______.

Answer 50

freshwater ecosystems are important to the survival of some terrestrial species

Question 51

Which of the following correctly identifies the vertically stratified layers of a lake in order, with the shallowest layer at the top and the deepest layer at the bottom?

Answer 51

Epilimnion, thermocline, hypolimnion

Question 52

They do not use oxygen (O2).

Answer 52

anaerobic bacteria

Question 53

Identify characteristics that affect the local conditions in an aquatic community.

Answer 53

Water temperature Availability of nutrients Water depth

Question 54

Most terrestrial species rely on them for survival. They support high levels of biodiversity.

Answer 54

Why are freshwater ecosystems biologically important?

Question 55

In the benthos region of a freshwater ecosystem, oxygen levels are Blank______ and Blank______ live in the sediments

Answer 55

low; anaerobic bacteria

Question 56

zone of rapid temperature change between the warmer epilimnion layer above and the colder hypolimnion layer below

Answer 56

thermocline of a lake

Question 57

Which of the following statements correctly describe the "value" of wetlands to the United States?

Answer 57

They perform ecological services, such as floodwater storage, that have been valued in the billions of dollars annually.

Question 58

Select the statement below that best explains why wetlands tend to have high productivity and biodiversity

Answer 58

Wetlands' abundant water, sunlight, and nutrient levels support high levels of primary productivity and support a large, diverse community

Question 59

the biomes listed here are particularly vulnerable to human activity. Which one is so because its high productivity makes it economically valuable?

Answer 59

Estuary

Question 60

Why are temperate broadleaf forests the most completely human-dominated major biome?

Answer 60

Temperate broadleaf forests develop under conditions that are also ideal for human occupation, thus they are cleared for that purpose.

Question 61

The type of population growth pattern that displays a J-shaped curve, such as that on the graph, _____ growth.

Answer 61

Exponential

Question 62

In order to estimate the doubling time for a growing population, divide ___ by the rate of growth in percentage.

Answer 62

70

Question 63

The maximum abundance of a species that can be supported without depleting resources is the ____ capacity.

Answer 63

carrying

Question 64

Identify the type of growth pattern seen in the S-curve

Answer 64

Logistic

Question 65

The rule of 70 is used to estimate the time it takes for a population to ______

Answer 65

double

Question 66

r-selected species have high productive rates ______

Answer 66

do little to care for their offspring

Question 67

Typically, species that are K-selected have long generation times, late sexual maturity, and fewer_____

Answer 67

young

Question 68

The highest number of a species that can be captured without disrupting future productivity is the maximum sustained____

Answer 68

yield

Question 69

Which of the following contribute to the calculated rate of population growth?

Answer 69

Immigration Death Birth Emigration

Question 70

Regulatory factors whose effects are stronger when population size is large are considered to be ______

Answer 70

density-dependent

Question 71

Biotic factors, those caused by living organisms, that regulate population growth tend to be density_______

Answer 71

dependent

Question 72

Most offspring die at young age

Answer 72

Type III

Question 73

Most offspring die at old age

Answer 73

Type I

Question 74

Offspring die uniformly

Answer 74

Type II

Question 75

When a new male lion from a different population takes over a pride, often that new male kills all of the cubs. This is an example of a(n) _____ interaction

Answer 75

intraspecific

Question 76

Which of the following statements correctly describes density-dependent regulatory factors of population growth?

Answer 76

The effects of the factor are stronger or a higher proportion of the population is affected as population size increases.

Question 77

Heavy rains in northern Africa that allow locusts to either grow or reproduce rapidly and then devastate crops is an example of how ______-dependent effects can be dramatic

Answer 77

density

Question 78

As a conservation biologist, you have been given the job of writing a report detailing recommendations to save a rare species. What is the one variable from the list below that is critical to the accuracy of your report?

Answer 78

Minimum population size of the rare species

Question 79

The idea that diversity in isolated habitats depends on rates of colonization and extinction is part of the equilibrium theory of ________ biogeography

Answer 79

island

Question 80

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography applies to places other than islands such as ______

Answer 80

isolated wetlands and forests

Question 81

Stability in genetic diversity between generations is the ______-Weinberg principle

Answer 81

Hardy

Question 82

Gradual changes in gene frequencies due to random events are referred to as genetic_______

Answer 82

drift

Question 83

In order to save a rare and endangered species, conservation biologists must know the critical _______ size of that species.

Answer 83

population

Question 84

The founder effect describes how there ______.

Answer 84

is reduced genetic diversity in small populations

Question 85

Which of the following is the correct definition of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

Answer 85

The ratio of genetic traits is the same in both the parental and offspring generations.

Question 86

gradual changes in gene frequency due to random events

Answer 86

genetic drift

Question 87

A collection of populations that have regular or intermittent gene flow between geographically separated units is called a(n)

Answer 87

metapopulation

Question 88

A drastic reduction in population size, perhaps due to a catastrophic storm, is referred to as a demographic ______

Answer 88

bottleneck

Question 89

The number of individuals needed for the long-term survival of rare and endangered species is defined as ________ viable population size.

Answer 89

minimum

Question 90

Field mice live in several distinct habitat patches with individuals occasionally moving among and between these patches. This is an example of a(n) ______

Answer 90

metapopulation

Question 91

contain many different species of plants and animals are very productive

Answer 91

seagrass ecosystem

Question 92

A species can acquire traits that allow it to survive better in a particular environment; this is called

Answer 92

adaptation

Question 93

Accidental changes in genes that occur during replication are called

Answer 93

mutations

Question 94

Replication through reproduction, traits variations, and selection are the phenomena that result in

Answer 94

evolution

Question 95

Availability of water, space, and food are all examples of ______ factors that influence the fitness of individuals

Answer 95

Limiting

Question 96

Scientists recognize six kingdoms in the taxonomic structure that include ______, plants, and protists.

Answer 96

archaebacteria bacteria animals fungi

Question 97

The type of speciation that occurs within a single geographic area is ______ speciation

Answer 97

sympatric

Question 98

The functional role that a species plays in its environment is called its ecological

Answer 98

niche

Question 99

No two species can exist in the same habitat and fulfill the same role indefinitely; this is the principle of

Answer 99

competitive exclusion

Question 100

Allopatric speciation results from ______ of a population

Answer 100

isolation

Question 101

Choose the three phenomena that are the causes of evolution

Answer 101

Selection Variation in traits Replication

Question 102

Species cannot rapidly adapt to current environmental changes because

Answer 102

the changes are overwhelming in number and intensity species don't evolve in isolation some species are very long-lived

Question 103

When species that are harmless resemble poisonous species we call it Batesian

Answer 103

mimicfry

Question 104

What type of competition exists between members of different species?

Answer 104

interspecific

Question 105

A general term that describes an intimate shared living relationship between two or more species, without describing how each species is affected by the relationship, is

Answer 105

symbiosis

Question 106

A symbiotic relationship between two or more species in which all involved species benefit is

Answer 106

mutualism

Question 107

A symbiotic relationship when one species benefits and the other appears unaffected is

Answer 107

commensalism

Question 108

Measuring the number of different species, ecological niches, or genetic variation present in a biological community is measuring its

Answer 108

diversity

Question 109

In ecological terms, community ________ refers to the total number of trophic levels and the number of species in each

Answer 109

complexity

Question 110

The rate of a community's biomass production, or its ______, is an indication of the rate of solar energy being converted to chemical energy

Answer 110

primary productivity

Question 111

In terms of kilocalories per square meters per year, a(n) Blank______ is an example of an ecosystem with high primary productivity.

Answer 111

estuary coral reef tropical rainforest

Question 112

The abundance of a certain species in a given community is often Blank______ related to the diversity of that community.

Answer 112

inversely

Question 113

The community that develops last in an ecological succession and tends to remain stable for a long period of time is the _______ community

Answer 113

climax

Question 114

The process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time is ecological

Answer 114

succession

Question 115

The type of ecological succession that occurs on bare substrate devoid of soil, such as the space created by cooled lava following a volcanic eruption, is _______succession.

Answer 115

primary

Question 116

How does a resilient system respond to a disturbance?

Answer 116

Species diversity is preserved. It maintains its overall identity.