Unit 2 Final Exam Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
The autonomic nervous system is regulated by
A
hypothalamus
2
Q
The sympathetic nervous system is divided into two subcategories
A
autonomic and somatic nervous system
3
Q
The somatic nervous system is _____ behavior
A
conscious
4
Q
The autonomic nervous system dives further into
A
symp
parasymp
5
Q
Sympathetic is
A
fight or flight
6
Q
What does a sympathetic target
A
major organs
7
Q
Where are the cell bodies in the sympathetic located
A
in the spinal cord or special chain of ganglia right outside
8
Q
parasympathetic is
A
rest and digest
9
Q
Most cell bodies for para are in
A
nuclei in the brainstem
10
Q
CN 11 and 12 emerge from ______ surface of the brainstem
A
ventral
11
Q
Afferent
A
going TO the brain
12
Q
Efferent
A
exit FROM the brain
13
Q
What two cranial nerves do not emerge from the brainstem
A
CN l and ll
14
Q
CN l
A
olfactory
15
Q
CN ll
A
optic nerve
16
Q
What is CN l technically
A
axons entering the olfactory bulb from the sinuses
17
Q
The optic nerve is a bundle of axons from ______ neurons exiting the eyeball
A
retinal
18
Q
decussation of the optic nerve at
A
optic chiasm
19
Q
From chiasm to thalamus–called optic
A
tract
20
Q
Lateral rectus
A
outward movement
21
Q
Medial rectus
A
inward movement
22
Q
superior oblique
A
down and out
23
Q
inferior oblique
A
up and out
24
Q
superior rectus
A
up
25
inferior rectus
down
26
CN lll innervates what 4/6 ocular muscles
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
27
What are the 2 nuclei of CN lll
Oculomotor nucleus
Edinger Westphal nucleus
28
What does the oculomotor nucleus do
sends motor output to extraocular muscles
29
What does the Edinger Westphal nucleus do
sends autonomic output to pupillary muscles
30
Oculomotor axons are found in the
rostral midbrain
31
CN lV
trochlear
32
What extraocular muscles does CN lV innervate
Superior oblique
moves eye down and out by passing through a loop called the trochlea
33
Trochlear nerve emerges
dorsally
34
Where do axons of the trochlear nerve decussate
as they exit at the caudal end of the midbrain
35
Where is the trochlear nucleus found
just below the periaqueductal grey
36
CN Vl
abducens
37
What extraocular muscle does CN Vl innervate
lateral rectus
38
Where does CN Vl synapse onto
oculomotor nucleus that controls the medial rectus of the other eye
39
Axons innervating the lateral rectus originate
in the rostral pons
40
CN V
Trigeminal
41
V1
ophthalmic
sensory from upper face, eye, nose
42
V2
Maxillary
sensory from sinuses, upper teeth, palate, front 2/3 of tongue
43
V3
Mandibular
Sensory from lower teeth, inside of cheeks, floor of mouth, chin
muscles of mastication
44
What is the largest Cranial nerve
CN V--Trigeminal
45
Nerves V1, V2, and V3 join at the
trigeminal ganglion to become the trigeminal nerve
46
where are CN V sensory cell bodies found?
In the trigeminal ganglion
47
Trigeminal nerve has 4 nuclei
mesencephalic nucleus
principle sensory nucleus
spinal trigeminal nucleus
motor nucleus
48
CN V nuclei are located in the midbrain and are responsible for proprioception from teeth and jaw
mesencephalic nucleus
49
Which CN V nuclei are located in the pons and responsible for touch and proprioception from the face
principle sensory nucleus
50
CN V nuclei are located in the pons and medulla and are responsible for pain and temperature from the face
spinal trigeminal
51
Which CN V nuclei is responsible for muscles of mastication
motor nucleus
52
What are the motor outputs of CN Vll
muscles of facial expression and neck
stapedius muscle of the inner ear, to dampen noise
visceral motor output to mucosa, salivary, and lachrymal glands
53
What are the sensory inputs to CN Vll
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
somatosensation of pinnae
54
What are the 4 nuclei used by CN Vll
Motor nucleus of CN Vll
Superior salvatory nucleus
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal
55
CN Vll motor output wraps around the ________ nucleus
abducens
56
CN Vlll
Vestibulocochlear nerve
57
CN Vlll: A set of several ______ nuclei exist in rostral medulla to collect various vestibular inputs before sending them off to cerebellum and cerebral cortex (Via thalamus)
vestibular nuclei
58
What are two cochlear nuclei
ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus
59
Ventral cochlear nucleus
encodes intensity and timing of sound for localization
60
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
encodes pitch info, analyses quality of sound
61
CN lX
glossopharyngeal nerve
62
What is the motor output for CN lX
muscles for swallowing and speech
parasympathetic visceral input to salivary glands not covered by CN Vll
63
What is the sensory input for CN lX
taste sensation and somatosensation from back 1/3 of tongue
somatosensation from eardrum, pharynx, tonsils, and eustachian tube
64
What 4 nuclei does CN lX use
Nucleus ambiguous
inferior salivatory nucleus
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal
65
CN Xll
hypoglossal nerve
66
CN Xll: mostly _____________- controlling the muscles of the tongue
somatic motor output
67
CN Xll weaves through ______ artery so may see changes in tongue control or muscle tone with vascular issues
carotid
68
CN Xll nerve exits _____ between pyramids and inferior olives
medulla
69
What nucleus does CN Xll use
hypoglossal nucleus
70
CN X
vagus nerve
71
What is the motor output of CN X
motor output to pharynx, raise epiglottis to seal off larynx
72
What is the sensory input of CN X
taste from epiglottis, somatatosensation from ear canal
73
What 4 nuclei does CN X use
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
nucleus ambiguus
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal
74
CN Xl
spinal accessory nucleus
75
Motor output for CN Xl
shoulder muscles (traps)
muscles to turn head (sternocleidomastoid)
76
What two nuclei does CN Xl use
nucleus ambiguus
accessory nucleus
77
Dorsal is S or M
Sensory
78
Ventral is S or M
Motor
78
T/F neurons or their axons with similar functions are grouped together
T
78
Spinal cord: grey matter on ______ while white matter on ______
inside; outside
78
Ascending sensory input enters the spinal cord via ______ root
dorsal
79
Descending motor output leaves the spinal cord via _____ root
ventral
80
Ascending sensory soma is usually found in
dorsal root ganglion
81
Descending motor soma usually found in
ventral horn
82
Afferent fiber responsible for proprioceptor of skeletal muscle
A alpha
83
Afferent fiber responsible for mechanoreceptors of skin
A beta
84
Afferent fiber responsible for pain and temperature
A gamma
85
Afferent fiber responsible for temperature, pain, itch
C
86
What's the connection between shingles and dermatomes?
Rashes will often show in 1 single dermatome
87
Ascending pathways are ____ neurons long
3
88
DCML pathway: all sensory input enters the spinal cord via
dorsal root
89
DCML pathway: fine touch and proprioception ascend up to the brain in the
dorsal columns
90
DCML pathway: Where is the first synapse
Dorsal column nuclei in the caudal medulla
91
DCML pathway: when does decussation occur
directly after synapse 1 in dorsal column nuclei
92
DCML pathway: where is the second synapse
ascends up the medial lemniscus and synapses in the thalamus
93
DCML pathway: Nucleus ________ touch and proprioception from the upper body (cervical and thoracic cord)
Cuneatus
93
DCML pathway: final synapse
S1--primary sensory cortex
94
DCML pathway: Nucleus _______ touch and proprioception from lower body (lumbar and sacral cord)
Gracilis
95
Starting at the bottom of the cord, sensory axons from sacral and lumbar zones enter dorsal root, becoming Fasciculus
gracilis
96
From T6 and up, sensory axons from upper thoracic and cervical zones enter dorsal root and become fasciculus
cuneatus
97
DCML pathway: which nerve is strongly associated with touch and proprioception of the face
CN V--trigeminal
98
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: carries what type of information
pain, temperature, "crude touch"
99
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: information enters spinal cord via
dorsal root
100
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: synapses around where it enters in ___________ of dorsal horn
substantia gelatinosa
101
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: when does it decussate
after the first synapse
102
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: after synapse, it will ascend in the __________ of the spinal cord
lateral funiculus
103
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: ascends to the
VPL of thalamus
104
Dorsal and ventral roots join together to become the
spinal nerve
105
Upper motor neurons: Cell body in
cortex or brainstem
106
upper motor neurons: synapses onto ______ in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
LMN
107
Lower motor neurons: cell body in
ventral horn of spinal cord
108
Lower motor neurons: synapses
directly onto muscles
109
Descending pathways are ____ neurons long
2
110
Corticospinal tract: M1 -->
spinal cord
111
Corticospinal tract: what sort of information
fine movements of extremities (fingers, tongue)
112
Corticospinal tract: forms the ________ in the medulla
pyramids (pyramidal tract)
113
Rubrospinal tract: midbrain -->
spinal cord
114
Rubrospinal tract: what sort of movement
large, gross movement and limb coordination in most mammals
115
Rubrospinal tract: gets input from cortex and
cerebellum
116
Rubrospinal tract: is or isn't used a lot in humans after infancy
is not
117
_______ __________: axon bundle weaving through forebrain, BG, and thalamus towards the brainstem
internal capsule
118
Corticospinal tract: forms ____ ____ in the midbrain
cerebral peduncles
119
Corticospinal tract: forms ____ in the medulla, where it decussates
pyramids
120
Rubrospinal tract: _______ nucleus gets input from the motor cortex and cerebellum
red
121
Rubrospinal tract: red nucleus located in midbrain and axons ______ right away
decussate
122
Rubrospinal tract: travels next to what tract
corticospinal tract
123
In 4 legged animals and some primates what tract is very active during gross voluntary movements
rubrospinal tract
124
In 2 legged upright primates (like us) what tract doesn't do much
rubrospinal tract
125
T/F many lesions to corticospinal tract in humans show near complete eventual recovery if rubrospinal tract is intact
True
126
______ tract is like corticospinal tract but for the face
corticobulbar
127
Corticobulbar tract: instead of synapsing in the ventral horn it will synapse in
cranial nerve nuclei
128
Vestibulospinal tract: vestibular nuclei to the spinal cord: function?
balance
129
Tectospinal tract: superior colliculi to the spinal cord: function?
turning head in reaction to visual stimuli in the periphery
130
Reticulospinal tract: reticular formation to the spinal cord: Function?
posture and automated locomotion
131
Vestibulospinal tract axons descend
bilaterally
132
Tectospinal tract: axons descending right along the midline, targeting lower motor neurons for _______ neck and upper body muscles
contralateral
133
Reticulospinal tracts: pons section and medulla section each give rise to axons that target ______ spinal cord lower motor neurons
ipsilateral (help remain standing)
134
