Unit 2 (Georgia standard): Patterns in living systems Flashcards
Cell structures, cell count, cell wall material, macromolecules, enzymes, Prokaryote vs Eukaryote cells, Prokaryote & Eukaryote cells, Prokaryote & Eukaryote kingdoms, classification, cell organelles
1
Q
What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don’t?
A
A nucleus and membrane bound organelles
2
Q
What are the characteristics of the Plantae kingdom?
A
Multicellular, has a cell wall, is an autotroph
3
Q
What are plant cell walls made out of?
A
Cellulose
4
Q
How do plants gain nutrition?
A
Photosynthesis
5
Q
What are the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom?
A
Multicellular, no cell wall, Heterotrophs
6
Q
What are the characteristics of the Fungi kingdom?
A
Cell wall, Heterotrophs, Unicellular, Multicellular
7
Q
What is the cell wall of fungi made of?
A
Chitin
8
Q
Fungus are both___
A
Multicellular and Unicellular
9
Q
Protists are a true kingdom or clade (True or False)
A
False
10
Q
What are the characteristics of protists?
A
Unicellular, transitional organisms
11
Q
What is a transitional organism?
A
An organism in between simple & complex organisms
12
Q
What does “mixed up” mean when it comes to protists?
A
Are protists but can be like other organisms (Ex: Plants, animals, fungus)
13
Q
What are the characteristics of bacteria?
(trophic, cell count,) (does it have protection?)
A
Unicellular, cell wall, autotrophs, heterotrophs
14
Q
Does all bacteria have a cell wall?
A
No, but most still do
15
Q
What is a bacteria cell wall made out of?
A
Peptidoglycan
16
Q
Bacteria can be both___
A
Autotrophs & heterotrophs
17
Q
Heterotrophic bacteria feed by___
A
Chemosynthesis
18
Q
Some autotrophic bacteria can use___
A
Photosynthesis
19
Q
Unicellular, cells walls, heterotrophs, autotrophs, can easily live in extreme areas
A
Characteristics of archaea
20
Q
What was bacteria formally named?
A
Eubacteria
21
Q
Not all archaea have cell walls (True or False)
A
True, most do but not all
22
Q
What was archaea formally named?
A
Archaebacteria
23
Q
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protists are all examples of___
A
Eukaryotes
24
Q
Bacteria and Archaea are examples of___
A
Prokaryotes
25
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
Clade
26
An organism capable of synthesizing (making) its OWN food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy.
autotroph
27
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming OTHER organisms
heterotroph
28
Made up of a single (1) cell
unicellular
29
Made up of more than one cell
multicellular
30
A taxonomic category above (broader than) the kingdom level
domain
31
Domain (and kingdom) of unicellular PROKARYOTES that have cell walls that do NOT contain peptidoglycan; extremophiles
Archaea
32
Domain and kingdom of unicellular PROKARYOTES that HAVE cell walls containing peptidoglycan
bacteria
33
Kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores, have a cell wall made of chitin, and obtain food by breaking down substances and absorbing the nutrients
fungi/fungus
34
Kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls
Animalia/Animals
35
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms; includes plants, animals, fungi, protists. ALL species grouped in this domain HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukarya/Eukaryota/Eukaryotes
36
Kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs, that have cell walls containing cellulose
plantae/plants
37
Mostly unicellular organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi; "misfits" as they are so hard to classify and are not a true clade
Protists/protista
38
protists are the ___
first eukaryotic cells to have developed on the planet
39
classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
binomial nomenclature
40
genus and species make up the ___
scientific name
41
An ancestral species from which later species evolved
common ancestor
42
Which two plant species are the most closely related?
a. Viola sororia and Iris cristata
b. Sanguinaria canadensis and Dicentra cucullaria
c. Rudbeckia hirta and Rudbeckia triloba
d. Sanguinaria canadensis and Solidago canadensis
c. Rudbeckia hirta and Rudbeckia triloba (Because of the genus, not all species main what they look like)
43
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by random events.
b. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by mutations.
c. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by gene flow.
d. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by natural selection.
a. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by random events
44
What is Taxonomy?
The branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name
45
What does DKPCOFGS stand for?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
46
What is a type of protein polymer?
Polypeptide chain
47
Enzymes are a type of protein T/F
True
48
Enzymes are proteins that___
Catalyze particular chemical reactions
49
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is a___
Catalyst
50
What does an enzyme do?
Lower a reaction’s activation energy
51
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the___
Active site
52
Cell theory
All living things are made of cells, cells are the most basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells
53
ALL cells have these 4 things:
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material
54
Semi-permeable (selectively permeable), made of 2 layers (phospholipid bilayer), controls what goes in and out the cell
Cell membrane
55
Cytoskeleton
Made of protein, gives cell structure, provides internal support, can move organelles around
56
Cytoplasm
Semi-fluid, holds everything inside the cell in place
57
Nucleus
Contains genetic material, protects DNA found in the cell, surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane
58
Nucleolus
Inside the nucleus, makes rRNA (ribosomes)
59
Ribosomes
Made of protein, located in the rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm, makes proteins
60
Rough ER
Has ribosomes on its surface, surrounds the nucleus, makes protein, transports protein to the golgi
61
Golgi body/apparatus
Folded membrane, processes, sorts and ships proteins wherever needed
62
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down molecule that are harmful or not needed, can cause apoptosis (programmed cell death)
63
DKPCOFGS is known as the ____
Taxonomic levels
64
A species contains how many types of organisms?
one
65
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
66
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
67
What is the monomer of lipids?
Fatty acids (glycerol)
68
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
69
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
70
What are the elements of carbohydrates? What's the ratio?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1
71
What are the elements of lipids? Are there any exceptions?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Normal lipids)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus (The phospholipid bilayer/cell membrane)
72
What are the elements of proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
73
What are the elements of nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
74
What is a polymer?
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
75
Examples of carbohydrates (Hint: CELL WALL!!!)
Sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin
76
Function of carbohydrates
Main source of energy (quick energy) and makes up most cell walls
77
Examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
78
Examples of lipids
Fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes
79
Enzymes, antibodies, muscles, hair, nails
Examples of proteins
80
Function of proteins
Enzymes: biological catalysts-speed up chemical reactions, structure, movement (cytoskeleton, active transport)
81
Function of lipids
Long term energy storage and makes up cell membrane
82
Function of nucleic acid
Hold and stores genetic material
83
Enzymes are usually proteins. This means they are made of smaller units called ___ ___
Amino acids
84
What 3 factors can effect enzyme function?
Temp, pH, concentrate
85
What does denature mean?
Active site, changes shape, can't work properly
86
Are enzymes altered/changed by the reaction?
No
87
Can enzymes be used more than once?
Yes
88
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Eukarya, Archea
89
How did prokaryotic cells evolve to become eukaryotic cells?
Endosymbiosis
90
Prokaryotes evolved into ___
eukaryotes
91
Unicellular organisms evolved into ___
Multicellular organisms
92
Simple organisms evolved into ___
Complex organisms
93
Aquatic organisms evolved into ___
terrestrial organisms
94
Substrate
The chemicals that an enzyme reacts with
95
What characteristics do plant cells have that animal cells don't?
Cell wall, chloroplast, & large central vacuole
96
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
A large prokaryote engulfed a smaller prokaryote
97
What two organelles evolved from endosymbiosis?
The mitochondria & chloroplast
98
What characteristics do animal cells have that plant cells don't?
Lysosomes, centrioles, and cilia & flagella
99
Do all animal cells have cilia & flagellum?
No
100
What animal cells have a flagellum?
Sperm
101
Macromolecules are aka ___
Biomolecules
102
What are the 3 types of bacterial cells?
Spirillum, coccus, and bacillus
103
Study of evolutionary relationships (history) among organisms
phylogeny
104
"Father of Modern Taxonomy"; he established binomial nomenclature and devised systems for classifying all organisms
Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus
105
Taxonomic group, for example kingdom or genus
Taxon
106
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
species
107
A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; often used as a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group
cladogram/phylogenetic tree
108
A place where a branch splits off from the rest of the diagram; COMMON ANCESTOR, also represents divergent evolution/speciation
node
109
Traits that evolve in the lineage leading up to date
derived traits
110
Catalysts speed up ___ ___
chemical reactions
111
All life on Earth started as unicelluar, prokaryotic organisms. Which of these structures was vital for organisms to develop in order to evolve into more complex, multicellular organisms?
A nucleus
B cytoplasm
C cell membrane
D ribosomes
nucleus
