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Biology > Unit 3 (Georgia standard): Maintaining homeostasis in living systems > Flashcards

Unit 3 (Georgia standard): Maintaining homeostasis in living systems Flashcards

Photosynthesis & its stages, ATP & its structure, active &/vs passive transport, fermentation and its types, (cellular respiration, its types, and its stages), Mitochondria & chloroplast structure, osmosis

1
Q

In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions occur in the ________________________ of the chloroplast and produces _______________________, whereas the Calvin Cycle occurs in the ___________________ of the chloroplast and produces_________________________.

A

thylakoids, O2, stroma, C6H12O6

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2
Q

Which would be the best evidence that a cell is using active transport to move molecules across its cell membrane?

A

ATP is being rapidly consumed near the cell membrane.

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3
Q

Which substances are most likely going to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen

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4
Q

Which substance is a product of fermentation in human muscle cells?
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Lactic Acid
D. Alcohol

A

C. Lactic Acid

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5
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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6
Q

For your body to release energy for your body to use, energy bonds have to what?

A

Be broken

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7
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Carries/stores energy for cell functions

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8
Q

What macromolecule is ATP?

A

Nucleic acid

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9
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

A nitrogen base, sugar ring, and three phosphate groups

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10
Q

What is another name for the nitrogen base in ATP?

A

nitrogenous base

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11
Q

What is another name for the sugar in ATP?

A

5 carbon sugar, sugar ring

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12
Q

What are the 3 phosphate groups in ATP held together with?

A

High energy bonds

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13
Q

What is the “energy carrying part” of the molecule ATP?

A

The 3 phosphates

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14
Q

Energy is released when what is removed from ATP?

A

A phosphate group

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15
Q

ADP is changed back into ATP when what is added back?

A

A phosphate group

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16
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

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17
Q

where is energy stored in atp?

A

high energy bonds

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18
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

the chloroplast

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19
Q

what are the 3 stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

ETC (Electron transport chain), Krebs cycle, glycolysis

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20
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid, alcoholic

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21
Q

during cellular respiration, where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

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22
Q

What organism’s cells go through alcoholic fermentation?

A

yeast and some bacteria

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23
Q

cellular respiration is a process that releases energy (in the form of atp) by breaking down ___

A

Glucose

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24
Q

Process whose reactants are C6H1206 + O2

A

Cellular respiration

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25
Q

The light independent reactions of photosynthesis are also called the ___ cycle

A

Calvin

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26
Q

The mitochondria has a folded inner membrane called the ___

A

Cristae

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27
Q

The insides of the cristae is called the ___

A

Matrix

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28
Q

What is the green pigment found inside the thylakoid of the chloroplast?

A

Chlorophyll

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29
Q

Process whose products are CO2+H2O+ATP

A

Cellular respiration

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30
Q

Energy in ATP is ___ by breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd ___ ___

A

released, phosphate group

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31
Q

What are the 3 parts of a molecule of ATP?

A

Nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups

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32
Q

What organisms go through cellular respiration?

A

All

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33
Q

Another name for anaerobic respiration is ___

A

Fermentation

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34
Q

Process whose products are C6H12O6 + O2

A

Photosynthesis

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35
Q

Where does most of the cellular respiration occur? (Krebs cycle & ETC)

A

Mitochondria

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36
Q

The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___

A

Thylakoid

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37
Q

Glycolysis is the breakdown of a molecule of ___ into 2 molecules of ___ ___

A

glucose, pyruvic acid

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38
Q

Aerobic occurs ___ with oxygen, while anaerobic occurs ___ oxygen

A

With, without

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39
Q

ATP is the ___ molecule

A

Energy

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40
Q

The light independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___

A

Stroma

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41
Q

What organism’s cells go through lactic acid fermentation?

A

Animals

42
Q

Process whose reactants are sunlight, water, and CO2

A

Photosynthesis

43
Q

When a molecule of ATP loses a phosphate it releases energy and makes a molecule of ___ + ___

A

ATP + P

44
Q

ATP stands for ___ ___

A

Adenosine triphsphate

45
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

46
Q

Cellular respiration starts with ___

A

glycolysis

47
Q

Glycolysis creates energy carrying molecules like?

A

ATP & NADH

48
Q

Glycolysis is the process that splits ___ molecule into ___

A

Glucose, pyruvate

49
Q

Pyruvate with O2 (oxygen) goes to what process?

A

Aerobic respiation

50
Q

Pyruvate without O2 (oxygen) goes to what process?

A

anaerobic respiration

51
Q

Aerobic respiration starts with the ___

A

Krebs cycle

52
Q

The Krebs cycle breaks pyruvate down into what compound element?

A

CO2

53
Q

The Krebs cycle occurs in the ___

A

Matrix

54
Q

The Krebs cycle ends with what process?

A

ETC (electron transport chain)

55
Q

ETC occurs in ___

A

The inner membrane/cristae

56
Q

The Krebs cycle creates energy carrying molecules like ___, ___, & ___

A

ATP, NADH, & FADH2

57
Q

ETC creates what two molecules?

A

ATP & H2O

58
Q

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation creates what molecule?

A

ATP

59
Q

ETC creates H2O using what?

A

O2

60
Q

What macromolecule is needed for cellular respiration?

A

Carbohydrates

61
Q

What are the 2 reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)

62
Q

The Calvin cycle is powered by ___ & ___

A

ATP & NADPH

63
Q

Where is the ATP and NADPH that powers the Calvin cycle produced?

A

Light dependent reactions

64
Q

Light dependent reactions make ___ using ___ and is powered by ___

A

O2, H2O, Sunlight

65
Q

Sunlight is absorbed by what pigment?

A

Chlorophyll

66
Q

The thylakoid is a part of what organelle?

A

The chloroplast

67
Q

The Calvin cycle occurs in the ___, uses ___, and makes ___

A

Stroma, CO2, and C6H12O6

68
Q

The process many autotrophs go through to convert solar energy into chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

69
Q

In the absence of oxygen, ___ will create alcohol, CO2 AND 2 ATP

A

Yeast

70
Q

The step in photosynthesis where organisms capture CO2 in order to convert it into glucose

A

Calvin cycle

71
Q

The process cells use to break down macromolecules like carbohydrates in order to create usable energy for cellular processes

A

Cellular respiration

72
Q

A byproduct of cellular respiration of anaerobic respiration in humans

A

Lactic acid

73
Q

Where in the mitochondria the most ATP is made during cellular respiration

A

Inner membrane

74
Q

An anaerobic step in cellular respiration,before the cell decides if it will go through fermentation or the Krebs Cycle and ETC

A

Glycolysis

75
Q

Direct source of energy for cell processes

A

ATP

76
Q

Where chlorophyll is stored in plant cells

A

Thylakoid

77
Q

The step in cellular respiration that creates the energy-carrying molecules ATP, NADH, AND FADH2 that will power the final step Krebs Cycle

A

Krebs cycle

78
Q

Your body needs ___ to run your cells

A

energy

79
Q

Your body cannot directly use your ___ for energy

A

food

80
Q

The energy you CAN use in the food you eat is ___ in its chemical ___

A

stored, bonds

81
Q

To ___ this energy for your body to use, those bonds have to be ___

A

Release, broken

82
Q

What is the first stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis

83
Q

What is the second stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Krebs cycle

84
Q

What is the third stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Electron transport chain

85
Q

How much ATP does the electron transport chain make?

A

32-34

86
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

A

Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and simple diffusion

87
Q

What are the 3 types of active transport?

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis, and molecular pump

88
Q

T/F ATP is needed for passive transport

A

False

89
Q

T/F ATP is needed for active transport

A

True

90
Q

The heads of the phospholipid bilayer are
___ and the tails of the phospholipid bilayer are ___

A

Hydrophylic, hydrophobic

91
Q

When active transport is in motion, molecules go through a ___ ___

A

Carrier protein

92
Q

In ___ diffusion O2 goes ___ across the cell membrane

A

Simple, directly

93
Q

In ___ diffusion molecules go through a channel ___

A

facilitated, protein

94
Q

What are the characteristics of a hypotonic solution?

A

More solute in the cell, water enters the cell, the cell swells

95
Q

What organism’s cells like hypotonic solutions?

A

Plants

96
Q

What are the characteristics of an isotonic solution?

A

Solute equal inside and outside of the cell, water moves in and out of cell equilibrium, cell stays the same size

97
Q

What organism’s cells like isotonic solutions?

A

Animals

98
Q

What are the characteristics of a hypertonic solution?

A

More solute outside the cell, water exists the cell, cell shrinks

99
Q

What organism’s cells like hypertonic solutions?

A

None

100
Q

“Stuff” in H2O

A

Solute

101
Q

Combination of solute and solvent

A

Solution

102
Q

Water (when referring to osmosis)

A

Solvent

Biology (9 decks)

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