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Biology > Unit 4 (Georgia standard): Structure and function of molecular genetics > Flashcards

Unit 4 (Georgia standard): Structure and function of molecular genetics Flashcards

cell division (mitosis), DNA &/vs RNA, Nitrogen bases, hydrogen bonds, DNA rep, Protein synthesis, codons, and DNA mutation

1
Q

Which of the following must occur AFTER the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase? Select the four that apply.
A. the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other
B. the nucleus breaks apart
C. chromosomes are copied during DNA replication
D. the cytoplasm divides
E. chromosomes uncoil/unpack to chromatin
F. the cell grows
G. sister chromatids attach at their centromeres
H. two new nuclei form

A

A. the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other
D. the cytoplasm divides
E. chromosomes uncoil/unpack to chromatin
H. two new nuclei form

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2
Q

What is the correct order of the movement of genetic material during mitosis?
1 - chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; 2 - two new nuclei form around the chromosomes; 3 - sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell; 4 - the nucleus breaks down

a. 4, 1, 2, 3
b. 2, 3, 1 ,4
c. 1, 3, 2, 4
d. 4, 1, 3, 2

A

d. 4, 1, 3, 2

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and 1/4 nitrogenous bases

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4
Q

What nucleotide component contains nitrogen?

A

Nitrogen base

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5
Q

What kind of sugar is found in a DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose

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6
Q

What kind of sugar is found in a RNA nucleotide?

A

Ribose

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7
Q

What 4 nitrogen bases are found in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, & cytosine

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8
Q

What 4 nitrogen bases are found in RNA?

A

Adenine, uracil, guanine, & cytosine

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9
Q

What parts of the nucleotide makes up the backbone of DNA and RNA?

A

Phosphate group and a 5 carbon sugar

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10
Q

In DNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with adenine?

A

Thymine

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11
Q

In RNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with adenine?

A

Uracil

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12
Q

In DNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with cytosine?

A

Guanine

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13
Q

In RNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with guanine?

A

Cytosine

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold adenine and thymine together?

A

2

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold cytosine and guanine together?

A

3

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16
Q

DNA is the ___ to make an organism

A

Instructions

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17
Q

DNA stands for ___ ___

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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18
Q

DNA consists of a 2 stranded ladder-like structure called a ___ ___

A

Double helix

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19
Q

DNA is made up of tiny subunits (monomers) called ___

A

Nucleotides

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds are ___ bonds

A

Weak

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21
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds weak?

A

So that the strands of DNA can be easily unzipped when DNA goes through replication

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22
Q

DNA replicates itself for cellular division for ___, ___, & ___

A

Reproduction, growth, and repair

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23
Q

Where does DNA replication take place?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

At the ___ fork, the enzyme ___ breaks the hydrogen bond

A

replication, helicase

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25
Q

Replicated DNA is also known as semi - ___

A

conservative

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26
Q

Why is replicated DNA called semi-conservative?

A

Because it has a strand on old DNA and a strand of new DNA

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27
Q

DNA ___ is the enzyme that joins the free-floating nucleotides to the ___ strand

A

polymerase, original

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28
Q

In what order does DNA replication happen?
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break
- Strands of DNA separate
- Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA

A
  • Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break
  • Strands of DNA separate
  • Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA
  • Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form
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29
Q

What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?

A

Enzyme

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30
Q

In DNA replication, DNA makes ___

A

DNA

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31
Q

How are free floating nucleotides added by DNA ___

A

Polymerase

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32
Q

RNA stands for ___ ___

A

Ribonucleic acid

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33
Q

DNA and RNA are made up of which elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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34
Q

The monomer of both DNA and RNA is?

A

Nucleotides

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35
Q

RNA does not contain what nitrogen base?

A

Thymine

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36
Q

RNA’s nucleotides are arranged in a ___ strand

A

Single

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37
Q

How many types of RNA exist?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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38
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger RNA

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39
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Transfer RNA

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40
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

Ribosomal RNA

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41
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries a message (instructions) from the DNA in the form of a code

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42
Q

mRNA carries the message from the ___ to a ___ on the ___ ER or in the cytoplasm

A

nucleus, ribosome, rough

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43
Q

mRNA is read in ___

A

Codons

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44
Q

A codon is a set of ___ ___ ___ that code for a SPECIFIC ___ ___

A

3 nitrogenous bases, amino acid

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45
Q

DNA contains the instructions to make ___

A

Proteins

46
Q

DNA is used to make ___

A

mRNA

47
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Transfers the amino acid to the ribosome on the ER (or cytoplasm)

48
Q

tRNA is the molecule that ___ the ___ to build the ___ that the ___ is coding for

A

Decodes, mRNA, protein, DNA

49
Q

tRNA has a special region called the ___ - ___

A

anti - codon

50
Q

An anti-codon is a set of 3 nitrogenous bases that ___ ___ ___ with mRNA’s codon

A

complementay base pairs

51
Q

tRNA also picks up a specific ___ ___ which it ___ to be dropped off to ___ a ____

A

amino acid, carries, build, protein

52
Q

Ribosomes are made up of ___ and ___

A

rRNA and protein

53
Q

rRNA helps ___ translation (part of protein ___)

A

direct, synthesis

54
Q

Both DNA and RNA are what macromolecule?

A

Nucleic acid

55
Q

What are the 5 differences between DNA and RNA?

A

Name (Deoxyribonucleic acid vs Ribonucleic acid), Function (Stores and replicates [makes copies of] genetic info vs carries out instructions from the DNA), structure (double stranded vs single stranded), sugar (deoxyribose vs ribose), nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine vs adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)

56
Q

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

57
Q

The process of decoding the DNA and making the proteins that they code for

A

Protein synthesis

58
Q

In transcription, DNA turns into ___

A

mRNA

59
Q

Transcription occurs in the ___

A

Nucleus

60
Q

RNA ___ “unzips” the DNA molecule and uses ___ ___ of the DNA as a template

A

polymerase, one side

61
Q

RNA ___ helps free-floating nucleotides ___ ___ pair w/ the ___ DNA strand

A

polymerase, complementary base, leading

62
Q

When the single-stranded mRNA molecule is complete, it leaves the ___, travels through the ___ to the ___ to be translated

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome

63
Q

In translation, mRNA turns into ___

A

Protein

64
Q

Translation occurs in the ___ and at the ___

A

cytoplasm, ribosome

65
Q

Translation involves which nucleic acids?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

66
Q

In translation: The ribosome locates the ___ codon (AUG) to begin translation

A

start

67
Q

In translation: As each mRNA codon (set of 3 bases) moves through the ___, tRNA’s anticodon ___ base pairs w/ it and drops off the ___ ___

A

ribosome, complementary, amino acid

68
Q

In translation: The ribosome moves on to the next mRNA ___, the tRNA drops off its ___ ___ and links it to the other amino acid using a ___ bond. This starts a ___ chain or protein.

A

codon, amino acid, peptide, polypeptide

69
Q

Amino acid is the monomer of ___

A

protein

70
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

71
Q

A chain is a domain of amino acids that turn into protein

A

Polypeptide chain

72
Q

The central dogma of biology

A

DNA -> mRNA-> protein -> trait

73
Q

Protein synthesis leads to ___ expression

A

Gene

74
Q

In prokaryotes, replication and transcription occurs in the ___

A

cytoplasm

75
Q

What is selective breeding aka?

A

Artificial selection

76
Q

People breeding organisms for desired traits

A

Selective breeding

77
Q

The manipulation or engineering of organisms (or parts of organisms) to make useful products for humans

A

Biotechnology

78
Q

Transferring genes or pieces of DNA from one organism to another for s specific trait

A

Genetic engineering

79
Q

Combining of DNA from different organisms or the insertion of one species’ DNA into another species’ DNA

A

Recombinant DNA

80
Q

Genetic engineering improves the quality and productivity of many CROPS

A

Agriculture

81
Q

Genetic engineering has improved human’s HEALTH

A

Medicine

82
Q

Used to treat genetic disorders by introducing a gene into a cell or by corrects a gene defect

A

Gene therapy

83
Q

Informs parents about the probability (chance) of their offspring inheriting a genetic disorder so they can make an informed decision before having a baby

A

Genetic counseling

84
Q

A lab technique that uses a DNA sample taken from a crime scene and compares it with a DN sample from a suspect. It can also be used in paternity court cases to determine if someone is the parent of a child.

A

DNA finger-printing/DNA profiling

85
Q

What are the 3 types of DNA mutations?

A

Substitution, insertion, deletion

86
Q

A nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide

A

DNA substitution mutation

87
Q

A nucleotide is added to the sequence (gene)

A

Insertion

88
Q

A nucleotide is deleted from the sequence (gene)

A

Deletion

89
Q

What type of mutation is substitution?

A

Point mutation

90
Q

What type of mutation is insertion?

A

Frameshift mutation

91
Q

What type of mutation is deletion?

A

Frameshift mutation

92
Q

The ___ a cell becomes, the more ___ ___ the cell places on its DNA

A

larger, demand stress

93
Q

The cell has trouble moving ___ and ___ across the cell membrane

A

nutrients, waste

94
Q

How does the cell cycle impact you?

A

Growth and replace damaged cells

95
Q

A disorder that results in uncontrolled cell growth and division; it is a disease of the cell cycle

A

Cancer

96
Q

The cell cycle is regulated by protein called ___

A

Cyclins

97
Q

When a cell loses the ability to control growth, it can lead to ___

A

Cancer

98
Q

The center of the chromosome is the ___

A

Centromere

99
Q

The centromere holds the 2 ___ together

A

chromatids

100
Q

Individual chromosomes consist of 2 ___ halves called ___

A

Identical, chromatids

101
Q

What are the 6 stages of the cell cycle?

A

IPMATC (Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)

102
Q

In interphase the cell goes through what 3 sub phases? what do they do?

A

G1, S, G2
Cell growth, synthesis (DNA replication), more growth in prep for cell division

103
Q

cytoplasm divides into 2 identical daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

104
Q

2 nuclei form
chromosomes begin “unpack” and turn into chromatin

A

Telophase

105
Q

Chromatids separate/move away/split apart

A

Anaphase

106
Q

Chromosomes line up in the middle -> organizes chromosomes/DNA so they equally pull apart

A

Metaphase

107
Q

Chromosomes become visible
Spindle fibers are visible
Centrioles separate
Nucleus breaks apart

A

prophase

108
Q

What is the goal of cellular reproduction?

A

Creating 2 genetically identical daughter cells (somatic/body cells)

109
Q

Mitosis divides the ___

A

Nucleus

110
Q

Cytokinesis divides the ___

A

Cytoplasm

111
Q

What phases in the cell cycle make up mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Biology (9 decks)

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