Unit 2 - Water Quality and Blue-Green Algae

Question 1

What is the number 1 nutrient for all species?

Answer 1

water

Question 2

What are some considerations that need to be taken for well water quality?

Answer 2

Age, depth, type of pump, duration of water use, contamination, treatments, and water flow/pressure

Question 3

What is human drinking water regulated by?

Answer 3

the EPA

Question 4

What is animal drinking water regulated by?

Answer 4

the FDA

Question 5

What is the pasteurized milk ordinance for water supply?

Answer 5

Water for milk plant purposes shall be from a supply properly located, protected and operated and shall be easily accessible, adequate and of a safe, sanitary quality

Question 6

What are the physical and aesthetic standards for water quality?

Answer 6

Taste, color, odor, and turbidity

Question 7

What are coliforms?

Answer 7

Bacteria capable of fermenting lactose with the production of acid and gas in 48 hours at 35 C under erobic conditions
Found naturally in GI tract of animals

Question 8

What are finding coliforms in water indicators of?

Answer 8

fecal contamination

Question 9

What are the coliform standards for humans?

Answer 9

<3/100 mL

Question 10

What are the coliform standards for animals?

Answer 10

<5,000/100 mL - essentially no limit

Question 11

If salinity or total dissolved solids is <1000 ppm, what does that indicate?

Answer 11

No health problems

Question 12

If salinity or total dissolved solids is 1,000-5,0000 ppm, what will that cause?

Answer 12

Transient diarrhea and increased water consumption

Question 13

If salinity or total dissolved solids is >5000 ppm, what populations are at risk for developing problems?

Answer 13

risk for pregnant, lactating, or stressed animals

Question 14

How do you calculate water hardness?

Answer 14

Ca + Mg

Question 15

T/F: Water hardness can adversely affect animal health and consumption.

Answer 15

False - it does not adversely affect them

Question 16

What does iron do in the water supply?

Answer 16

It is utilized by coliforms, foul smelling, and can clog lines and fixtures

Question 17

What is the ideal container for sample collection?

Answer 17

500 mL of a sample, clean containers, and a sample after its been runing for a few seconds

Question 18

How can water be disinfected?

Answer 18

Ultraviolet light, chloride, and peroxide

Question 19

What types of filters are used in water treatment?

Answer 19

Manganese green sand filter
Activated charcoal
Reverse osmosis
Distillation
Cellulose filter

Question 20

How does chlorination work (i.e. what does it do for disifenction)?

Answer 20

Chlorine reacts with organic matter and destroys bacteria

Question 21

How can you measure chlorine levels?

Answer 21

With test strips

Question 22

What do cyanobacteria produce?

Answer 22

Harmful algal blooms

Question 23

During what time of the year are cyanobacteria problematic?

Answer 23

Summer through fall

Question 24

What are the predisposing factors to cyanobacteria production?

Answer 24

Excessive nitrate and phosphorus run-off and stagnant water

Question 25

T/F: Multiple toxins can be produced by the same species of cyanobacteria.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What does anatoxin-A affect?

Answer 26

Affects nerve synapses

Question 27

What is the MOA of anatoxin-A?

Answer 27

Post synaptic cholinergic nicotinic agonist - depolarizing NM blockade

Question 28

What does anatoxin-A(S) affect?

Answer 28

nerve synapses

Question 29

What is the MOA of anatoxin-A(S)?

Answer 29

It inhibits cholinesterase and does not cross the bbb

Question 30

What clinical signs are associated with anatoxin-A(S)?

Answer 30

Salivation, lacrmation, urination, defecation, ataxia, tremors/seizures, and vomiting

Question 31

What does saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin affect?

Answer 31

The nerve synapse and axons

Question 32

What is the MOA of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin?

Answer 32

1. Binds directly into the pore of the channel 2. Blocks Na flow 3. Paralysis

Question 33

What clinical signs are associated with saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin?

Answer 33

Weakness, staggering, difficulty swallowing, respiratory distress, paralysis, and death

Question 34

What does saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin cause in humans?

Answer 34

Tingling around the mouth and fingeretips and slurred speech

Question 35

What causes microcystis?

Answer 35

A unicellular cyanobacteria that appears as colonies and produces a hepatotoxin

Question 36

What samples should be collected for diagnosis of suspect cases of cyanobacteria?

Answer 36

Water (250 mL) and stomach contents (presence of algae or toxin) for microscopic examination and LC/MS/MS

Question 37

How is cyanobacteria toxicosis treated?

Answer 37

Supportive care, wash the animal as soon as possible, activated charcoal, and prevent further exposure to animals