Unit 2 - Toxic Plants in Small Animals Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What species are affected by rhododendron?
A
Dogs, cats, and ruminants
2
Q
What do rhododendrons look like?
A
Large shrubs to small trees - terminial clusters of large, attractive pink to purple flowers
3
Q
What parts of rhododendrons are toxic?
A
All parts - especially leaves
4
Q
What is the toxic principle of rhododendron species?
A
Andromedotoxin
5
Q
What is the MOA of andromedotoxin?
A
Binds and blocks the inactivation of sodium channels in cell membranes which results in prolonged neuronal depolarization and excitation
6
Q
When do most cases of rhododendron toxicosis occur?
A
Most ruminant cases occur in the winter and early spring
7
Q
When is the onset of clinical signs for rhododendron toxicosis?
A
Within 6 hours
8
Q
What clinical signs are associated with rhododendron species?
A
Depression, salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting
Arrhythmia, abnormal heart rate, hypotension
High fever, seizures
9
Q
What typically causes death in rhododendron toxicosis cases?
A
Death - aspiration pneumonia/uncontrolled seizures
10
Q
How is rhododendron toxicosis treated?
A
Emesis, activated charcoal + cathartic
Supportive therapy
No specific antidote
11
Q
How is rhododendron toxicosis diagnosed?
A
Clinical signs and leavs in GI tract - detection of grayanotoxins in serum/urine/GI contents
12
Q
Macadamia nut toxicosis is only reported in what species?
A
Dogs
13
Q
What is the toxic principle of macadamia nuts?
A
It is unknown
14
Q
When is the onset of clinical signs for macadamia nut toxicosis?
A
They generally begin within 12 hours and last less than 24 hours
15
Q
What clinical signs are associated with macadamia nut toxicosis?
A
Non-fatal paralysis; weakness, ataxia, reeversible paresis and paralysis
16
Q
What chemistry changes are associated with macadamia nut toxicosis?
A
Increased triglycerides and lipase
17
Q
How is macadamia nut toxicosis treated?
A
Supportive care
18
Q
What do oleander plants look like?
A
Smooth green stems, dark green leathery flowers, white or colored flowers, and they can be in bush or tree forms
19
Q
How are small animals exposed to oleander? Large animals?
A
Small animals - common ornamental plant in the southern states
Large animals - may be baled with hay or chopped into silage
20
Q
What toxin does oleander produce?
A
Oleandrin
21
Q
What type of toxin is oleandrin?
A
It is a cardiac glycoside
22
Q
What parts of oleander are toxic?
A
Stems, leaves, and flowers
23
Q
What is the MOA of oleander?
A
Inhibition of Na/K-ATPase pump: increased intracellular sodium and hyperkalemia
24
Q
T/F: Oleander is highly toxic.
A
True - 0.005% of the BW is toxic
25
What clinical signs are associated with oleander toxicosis?
Acute gastroenteritis, vomiting and/or diarrhea, weakness, colic
Bradycardia followed by tachycardia;arrythmia
Death following 2-48 hours post ingestion
26
How is oleander toxicosis diagnosed?
History of exposure and presence of plant parts in feed or vomitus
Confirmed by detection of oleandrin in body fluids/GI contents
27
How is oleander toxicosis treated?
Supportive therapy and removal of the offending material
28
What are the toxic principles of foxglove?
Cardiac glycosides - digitoxin and digoxin
29
Where is foxglove absorbed?
in the GI tract
30
When is foxglove toxic?
When it is dried - it is also water soluble
31
What is the MOA of foxglove toxicosis?
Inhibition of Na/K-ATPase pump: increased intracellular sodium and hyperkalemia
32
When does the onset of clinical signs occur for foxglove?
2-4 hours post ingestion
33
What clinical signs are associated with foxglove toxicosis?
Local irritation of the mouth and stomach, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
Cardiac irregularities - Bradycardia and then tachycardia and arrythmias
Peripheral vasoconstriction
Mydriasis, dizziness, ataxia, and respiratory paralysis resulting in coma and death
34
What lesion is possible with foxglove toxicosis?
Epicardial hemorrhage
35
What does Lily-of-the-valley look like?
Slightly cupped, spear-shaped green leave
| Flowers are white, bell-like and drooping
36
What is the toxic principle of lily-of-the-valley?
30+ cardiac glycoside compounds
37
What is the toxic principle of the allium species?
n-propyl disulfide
38
T/F: N-propyl disulfide is only present in raw onions.
False - it is present in raw, cooked, and dried onions
39
What is the MOA of n-propyl disulfide?
1. Increased free radical formation
2. Direct RBC membrane damage and denatured hemoglobin
3. Heinz body formation and acute hemolysis
40
What does the amount of toxin in allium species vary depending on?
Species, time of year, growing conditions, raw/cooked/dried
41
What laboratory findings are consistent with allium toxicosis?
Hemolytic anemia - max will be 7-12 days post exposure
Heinz body formation
Ecccentrocytes that occur secondary to oxidative stress
42
What species are most offen affected by allium toxicosis? What other species are susceptible?
Dogs most affected; cats and cattle are susceptible
43
What clinical signs are associated with allium toxicosis?
Acute hemolytic crisis - weakness, tachypnea, tachycardia, pale mm, icterus, anemia, and hemoglobinuria
44
How is allium toxicosis treated?
Supportive care - transfusion may be needed if severe
45
What plants belong in the Araceae family?
Dumbcane, Philodendron, ceriman, elephant's ear, calla lily, arum lilly, peace lily, and caladium
46
What is the toxic agent of the Araceae family?
Insoluble calcium oxalates
47
What is the MOA of insoluble calcium oxalates?
1. Local reactions are from kinins which may be aggravated by calcium oxalate crystals
2. Mechanically damage cells in the mouth
3. Local inflammatory response of the mouth
48
What clinical signs are associated with Araceae toxicosis?
Immediate pain and irritation upon chewing
Headshaking, intense hypersalivation, swelling of mucous membranes of pharynx and tongue, severe dyspnea, but rarely obstruction
49
What clinical signs are associated with severe cases of Araceae toxicosis?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, secondary dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and shock
50
How is Araceae toxicosis treated?
Symptomatic and supportive care - rinse mouth, activated charcoal, oral calcium, antihistamines/anti-inflammatory drugs, IV fluids if vomiting or diarrhea are persistent
51
What do castor beans look like?
Black or mottled with grey or brown
52
What is the toxic principle for Castor bean? Rosary pea?
Lectins - found in moost beans
Castor bean - ricin
Rosary pea - abrin
53
What parts of the castor bean and rosary pea plants are toxic?
All parts of the pant, but especially seeds
54
T/F: Does castor oil contain ricin?
No it does not
55
What is the MOA of the castor bean toxin?
A-B toxin
B-chain: binds to proteins on cell surface and facilitates internalization
A-chain: Enters the ER and depurinates rRNA which inactivates ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis
56
What clinical signs are associated with castor bean toxicosis?
Vomiting with blood and diarrhea
57
When do clinical signs due to castor bean toxicosis occur?
Few hours to days
58
What lesions are associated with castor bean toxicosis?
Catarrhal to hemorrhagic gastritis
Petechial hemorrhages on serosal surfaces
Necrotizing enteritis
Edematous mesenteric lymph nodes
59
How is castor bean toxicosis diagnosed?
History of exposure
Leukocytosis with increased AST and ALT
Detection of toxin in gastric contents
60
How is castor bean toxicosis treated?
No specific antidote, supportive care
61
How is castor bean toxicosis prevented?
Do not plant where animals may have access
Clip seed heads before maturity when used as an ornamental
Moist heat destroys ricin
62
What plants are spurges?
Poinsettia, Snow-on-the-Mountain, spotted surge, and leafy spurge
63
What is the toxic principle of spurges?
Diterpenoid phorbol esters
64
What do diterpenoid phorbol esters do?
They are direct irritants/blistering compounds
65
What parts of the spurges plants are toxic?
All parts
66
What clinical signs are associated with spurges toxicosis?
```
Irritation of the mouth and GI tract
Blistering
Periocular and perioral swelling
Excessive salivation, vomiting, diarrhea
Sap may cause contact dermatitis
```
67
What treatment is associated with spurges toxicosis?
Supportive care - dilute toxins orally with water or milk, wash topical exposure with alcohol
68
What is the prognosis of spurges toxicosis?
Generally very good
69
What trees are mistletoe commonly associated with?
Oak, walnut, or other deciduous trees
70
What is the toxic principle of mistletoe toxicosis?
It is unknown
71
What clinical signs are associated with mistletoe toxicosis?
Acute GI upset - vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea
| Other systemic signs - hypotension, weakness, bradycardia, and collapse
72
How is mistletoe toxicosis treated?
Supportive care - removal from GI tract
73
What is the major toxin associated with sago palm?
Cycasin
74
What are the toxic parts of the sago palm?
All of the parts of the plalnt - the seeds are especially toxic
75
When is the onset of clinical signs for sago palm toxicosis?
Usually within 12 hours
76
What clinical signs are associated with sago palm toxicosis?
Acute: vomiting +/- blood, diarrhea, salivation
Depression, weakness, tremors, and seizures
Abdominal pain, jaundice, bruising, and dark tarry stool
77
What clinical pathology abnormalities are associated with sago palm toxicosis?
Elevated ALT, AST, Alk phos, and bilirubin
78
What lesions are associated with sago palm toxicosis?
Hemorrhage and necrosis of the GI mucosa
| Liver: centrilobular and midzonal necrosis
79
How is sago palm toxicosis treated?
Aggressive decontamination of the GI tract, GI protectants, and fluids as needed
80
What is the prognosis for sago palm toxicosis?
Guarded to poor
81
What lilies are toxic?
Easter lily, tiger lily, and day lily
82
What species are uniquely sensitive to lily toxicosis?
Cats
83
T/F: The water from a flower vase with a lily is toxic.
True
84
Lilies are _____ excreted, so _____ hours of fluid diuresis can prevent death.
rapidly; 24
85
What gross lesions does lily toxicosis cause?
Pulmonary and hepatic congestion
| Perirenal edema and swollen kidney
86
What microscopic lesions are associated with lily toxicosis?
Diffuse acute renal tubular necrosis typically in the proximal tubules with intact basement membraines
Granular and hyaline casts in collecting ducts
87
What clinical signs are associated with lily toxicosis?
Both renal and GI: vomiting and salivation, depression and anorexia, polyuria for 12-24 hours or until anuria develops, dehydration, weakness, recumbence and death
88
What laboratory results are associated with lilies?
Proteinuria, glucosuria, isosthenuria, casts, anuria
Stress leukogram
Increased BUN, Creatinine, P and K
Late in syndrome - increased ALT and ALP
89
What treatment is recommended for lily toxicosis?
GI decontamination - emesis, activated charcoal, cathartic
| Fluid therapy prior to anuria to prevent dehydration
90
What is the prognosis for lily toxicosis?
IV fluid treatment prior to anuria is good
| No treatment/late treatment is grave
91
How is lily toxicosis prevented?
Owner education
92
What species are most commonly affected by grape and raisin toxicois?
Dogs
93
Are raisins or grapes more toxic?
Raisins
94
What is the mechanism for grape/raisin toxicosis?
It is unknown
95
What clinical signs are associated with grape and raisin toxicosis?
```
Vomiting and/or diarrhea within a few hours of ingestion
Anorexia
Lethargy and weakness
May show signs of abdominal pain
Polydipsia
Tremors
Anuria in advanced cases
Once anuric - death due to renal failure
```
96
What clinical pathology abnormalities are associated with grape and raisin toxicosis?
Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and azotemia
97
What microscopic lesions are associated with grape and raisin toxicosis?
Degeneration and necrosis of PCT epithelium - intact basement membranes, +/- regeneration, mineralization
98
How is grape and raisin toxicosis treated?
Early - emetics and activated charcoal
Hospitalization with IV fluids
Monitor serum chemistries and urine output closely for 3 days
99
When is the prognosis for grape and raisin toxicosis guarded?
When there is evidence of renal failure
100
What species are primarly effected by stinging nettles?
Hunting dogs
101
What do stinging nettles do? What do they contain?
Plants express fine stinging hairs; contain varying amounts of acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, and formic acid
102
What clinical signs are associated with stinging nettles?
Salivation/pawing at the mouth, emesis, respiratory distress, bradycardia/arrhythmia, and muscle weakness
103
How is stinging nettle toxicosis treated?
According to signs: atropine, antihistamines, and supportive care
