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Toxicology > Unit 2 - Venoms and Poisons II > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Venoms and Poisons II Flashcards

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1
Q

Are male or female black widow spiders associated with envenomation?

A

females

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2
Q

What do female black widow spiders look like?

A

Shiny black with red or orange hourglass mark on the ventral abdomen

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3
Q

T/F: Juvenile black widow spiders have different patterns from adults.

A

True

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4
Q

What species are sensitive to black widow spider envenomation?

A

Camels, horses, cats, and dogs

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5
Q

In what species is mortality commonly associated with black widow spider envenomation?

A

Cats

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6
Q

T/F: A single bite from a black widow spider can deliver a lethal dose.

A

True

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7
Q

What are the problematic components in black widow spider venom?

A

Alpha-latrotoxin, other neuroactive proteins, and proteolytic enzymes

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8
Q

What does alpha-latrotoxin do?

A

It is a neurotoxin which binds presynaptically creating a stable Ca pore - this results in increased presynaptic vesicle trafficking and release of neurotransmitters (NE and ACh)

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9
Q

When do black widow spider clinical signs typically manifest?

A

In the first 8 hours post-envenomation

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10
Q

What clinical signs are associated with black widow spider envenomation?

A

Muscle fasciculation, severe abdominal pain may occur, ataxia, and flaccid paralysis

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11
Q

How are black widow spider envenomations treated?

A

Antivenon
Ca gluconate for muscle fasiculations
Narcotics or benzos
Limit IV fluids if hypertensive

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12
Q

What is the prognosis for black widow spider envenomations?

A

Generally good

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13
Q

What does a brown recluse spider look like?

A

Violin-shaped pattern on cephalothorax with the neck of the fiddle extending caudally

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14
Q

When do brown recluse spider bites typically occur?

A

When the spider becomes trapped in undisturbed clothing or bedding

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15
Q

What does brown recluse venom contain?

A

Sphingomyelinase D and hyaluronidase

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16
Q

What does sphingomyelinase D do?

A

Damages plasma membranes of endothelia, erythrocytes, and platelets
Neutrophil recruitment
Reduction in expression of epidermal growth factor

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17
Q

What clinical signs are associated with brown recluse spider envenomation?

A

Local pain and stinging followed by pruritus and soreness
Targetoid lesion
Occasional hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria
Systemic loxoscelism with DIC

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18
Q

What does the targetoid lesion caused by brown recluse spiders look like?

A

An ischemic area with a dark central eschar and erythematous background

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19
Q

How is brown recluse spider envenomation treated?

A

Routine wound care, supportive care, and surgical debridement of necrotic lesions

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20
Q

What does the scorpion toxin do?

A

It is neurotoxic and leads to depolarization of the neuromuscular junction

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21
Q

What is a good way to detect if a scorpion is in a room?

A

Use UV light - scorpions will fluoresce bright cyan-green

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22
Q

What clinical signs are associated with scorpion envenomation?

A

Sharp local pain
Tachycardia
Hyperactivity, trashing, writing

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23
Q

What treatment is recommended for scorpion toxicosis?

A

Supportive

Antivenom

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24
Q

What may individual stings from hymenoptera result in?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction/anaphylaxis

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25
How can hymenoptera cause death in non-allergic animals?
Via massive envenomation - > 20 stings
26
What is the main component of bee and wasp venoms?
Protein that acts as allergens
27
What is fire ant venom composed of? Why are they problematic?
Alkaloids - cytotoxic, hemolytic, fungicidal, bactericidal, and insecticidal properties
28
What are the four possible reactions to hymenoptera stings?
Local, regional systemic/anaphylaxis, delayed-type hypersensitity
29
What clinical signs are associated with hymenoptera stings?
Edema, erythema, pain at the site of the sting, regional response is an extension of local, anaphylaxis
30
How are local or regional hymenoptera stings treated?
Antihistamines, ice or cool compresses, topical corticosteroid lotions
31
How are anaphylactic hymenoptera stings treated?
Epinephrine IV crystalloid fluids to prevent shock Antihistamines, corticosteroids as indicated
32
What toad species are associated with serious clinical signs following oral exposure?
B. marinus and B. alvarius
33
What toxic principle do toads have?
Bufotoxins
34
What do bufotoxins contain?
Bufogenins and bufotenins
35
Where are bufogenins secreted from?
Parotid glands
36
What is the MOA of bufogenins?
They are digitalis-like cardioactive compounds that bind to Na/K ATPase pump and alter heart rate and rhythm
37
What do bufotenines do?
Vasoactive and neuroactive agents
38
What clinical effects does toad poisoning cause?
Immediate salivation, headshaking, and hyperemic mucous membranes Acute onset of neurologic signs - convulsions, ataxia, nystagmus, and stupor Trembling, tachypnea, abnormal cardiac rate, and arrhythmias
39
How is toad poisoning treated?
On-the-spot decontamination | Emetics if the whole toad is consumed and only ptyalism is observed
40
How is toad posioning treated when there are advanced clinical sings?
Sedatives/anticonvulsants to control neuro signs Cardiac support Fluids and other supportive therapy as indicated
41
What is the toxic principle of blister beetles?
Cantharidin
42
Where is cantharidin contained?
In hemolymph and repro glands
43
What does cantharidin do?
Induces erosions and ulcers on all mucous membranes | Mycoardial necrosis
44
What is the MOA of cantharidin?
It induces the release of serine proteases which causes disintegration of desmosomes which leads to acantholysis
45
How does blister beetle toxin get ingested?
With hay - they are trapped in hay during harvest and the crimping process releases the toxin
46
What species is most commonly affected by blister beetles?
Horses It has been reported in cattle and sheep
47
T/F: Blister beetle toxin decreases over time with storage.
False - it does not decrease with storage
48
What clinical signs are associated with blister beetle poisoning?
Dose depenent: colic, polyuria, hematuria, lesions in oral, GI and urogenital mucosae, dehydration, and shock
49
What clin path abnormalities are associated with blister beetle poisoning?
Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
50
What lesions are associated with blister beetle poisoning?
Sloughing of gastric and other mucosae Hyperemic mucous membranes - stomach, intestine, renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder Myocardial necrosis
51
How are blister beetle poisonings diagnosed?
History, observation of beetles in hay, ID of cantharidin
52
In what biologic samples can cantharidin be found in?
Urine, GI contents
53
How is blister beetle poisoning treated?
Symptomatic - fluids for shock, dehydration Mineral oil Analgesics Remove all suspect feedstuffs
54
How is blister beetle poisoning prevented?
Use first cutting hay Scout for beetles Control grasshoppers and crickets
55
Most mushroom poisonings occur as a result of ingestion of ______ mushrooms.
wild
56
During what time of year does mushroom poisoning typically occur?
Fall
57
What clinical signs are associated with hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning?
``` Vomiting, diarrhea Panting, dyspnea Muscle spasms Collapse Cyanosis Death ```
58
How is hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning diagnosed?
History of exposure | Observation of mushroom parts in vomitus
59
T/F: The Amanita/Galerina group of mushrooms are composed of the most lethal poisons known.
True
60
What toxins do the Amanita/Galerina group of mushrooms create?
Phallotoxins | Amatoxins
61
Why are amatoxins so bad?
They are highly active, rapidly absorbed Resistant to stomach acid Thermostable
62
What is the MOA of the Amanita mushrooms?
Amatoxins interfere with RNA polymerase which results in decreased mRNA and protein synthesis
63
What body systems are affected by Amanita mushroom poisonings?
The liver, kidneys, and intestine
64
What clinical effect does Amanita mushroom toxicosis?
Acute hepatic failure +/- hepatoencephalopathy and coma
65
What are the 4 phases of Amanita mushroom poisoning?
1. Initial latent period 2. Gastroenteric phase 3. Second latent period 4. Organ failure phase
66
How long does the 1st phase of Amanita mushroom poisoning last?
6-24 horus
67
What occurs during the 2nd phase of Amanita mushroom poisoning?
Sudden sharp colicky abdominal pains Nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea Stools with blood and mucous shreds
68
What occurs during the 3rd phase of Amanita mushroom poisoning?
Apparent recovery - 'false hope'
69
When does the 4th phase of Amanita mushroom poisoning occur?
36-84 hours post exposure
70
What occurs during the 4th phase of Amanita mushroom poisoning?
Fulminant hepatic, renal, and multiorgan failure
71
What laboratory results are associated with Amanita mushroom poisoning?
Albuminuria, hematuria Elevated liver enzymes, and serum bilirubin Rapid decrease in coag factors Hypoglycemia
72
How is Amanita mushroom poisoning diagnosed?
History of exposure | Detection of amanitin by LC-MS
73
What is the ideal antemortem sample for Amanita mushroom poisoning diagnosis?
Urine Serum can be used
74
What is the ideal post mortem sample for Amanita mushroom poisoning?
Fresh kidney and/or liver
75
What is the toxic principle of Cortinarius mushrooms?
Orellanine
76
What is poisoning by Cortinarius mushrooms often characterized by?
Severe oliguric renal failure
77
How is Cortinarius mushroo toxicosis diagnosed?
Detection of orellanine in renal biopsies by LC-MS/MS
78
Why should you treat the patient not the mushroom?
Many mushrooms contain several toxins in varying concentrations Toxic or non-toxic mushrooms grow side by side so mixed exposure is possible Likely not all toxins have been ID
79
How are mushroom poisonings treated?
Emesis Activated charcoal after vomiting or gastric lavage Catharic if no diarrhea

Toxicology (32 decks)

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