Unit 3 - Commercial Home and Personal Care 2

Question 1

What are the different categories of batteries (not AA, AAA, C, 9V smart ass)?

Answer 1

Alkaline

Acidic

Lithium

Question 2

What are the active ingredients in alkaline batteries?

Answer 2

K hydroxide, Na hydroxide

Question 3

What are the active ingredients in acidic batteries?

Answer 3

Ammonium chloride, manganese dioxide

Question 4

What are the active ingredients in lithium batteries?

Answer 4

Non-corrosive compounds - alkali effects

Question 5

What is the MOA of alkaline batteries? Acidic?

Answer 5

Alkaline - liquefactive necrosis

Acidic - coagulative necrosis

Question 6

What is the MOA of lithium batteries?

Answer 6

Energy generated between nodes → Electrolysis of NaCl → Sodium hydroxide produced → Tissue necrosis

Question 7

What are the clinical signs of battery toxicosis?

Answer 7

Depression
Hypersalviation - licking lips, flipping tongue
Stomatitis - ulcerations
Hyperthermia
Vomiting - +/- blood
Abdominal pain - melena

Question 8

What lesions are caused by battery toxicosis?

Answer 8

Ulcerations - oral, pharyngeal, esophageal

Esophageal perforation

Esophageal/GI strictures

Question 9

How is battery toxicosis treated?

Answer 9

Dilution - water OR milk, lithium

Battery removal:
Radiographic imaging
Natural passage - laxatives, pass w/in 72 hours
Endoscopy/ Gastronomy - if in stomach after 48 hours

Question 10

What are the sources of essential oil toxicosis?

Answer 10

Diffusing oils

Plug-in fresheners

Citronella candles

Shampoos

Skin ointments

Question 11

Where are essential oils absorbed? Metabolized? Distributed? Excreted?

Answer 11

Well absorbed → skin, lungs, oral/GI tract
Metabolized in the liver - a number undergo glucouronidation
Distribution - wide, some cross the BBB
Excretion - kidney, some respiratory & fecal

Question 12

Generally, what clinical signs are associated with essential oil toxicosis?

Answer 12

GI: irritation, burns, vomiting, diarrhea, norexia

Skin: corrosive burns

CNS: depression, tremors/ seizures, convulsions, coma

Cardiovascular: tachycardia, hypotension

Liver & kidney damage

Question 13

What adverse effects are associated with liquid potpourri?

Answer 13

Corrosive because they often contain cationic agents

Question 14

What clinical effects are associated with melaleuca oil?

Answer 14

CNS depression, Ataxia, tremors, severe hypothermia

Question 15

What clinical effects are associated with citrus oils?

Answer 15

Phototoxicity, GI irritation

Question 16

What clinical effects are associated with wintergreen & birch oils?

Answer 16

Similar to aspirin overdose

Question 17

What toxin is contained in pennyroyal oil?

Answer 17

Pulegone

Question 18

What clinical effects are associated with pennyroyal oil?

Answer 18

Hepatic necrosis and secondary hemorrhage

Question 19

What shouldn’t you do when treating essential oils?

Answer 19

Do not induce emesis

Question 20

How do you treat essential oil toxicosis?

Answer 20

Give activated charcoal

Fluids

GI protectants

+/- hepatoprotectants

Question 21

How is essential oil toxicosis prevented?

Answer 21

Prevent animal access to oils
Be familiar with more severe oils
DO NOT apply concentrated oils directly to animals
Good ventilation if using diffusers

Question 22

What are the types of adhesives that we run into?

Answer 22

Diisocyanates/Polyurethane

Cyanocrylates

Polyvinyl acetate

Question 23

Why are cyanoacrylate adhesives problematic?

Answer 23

They are generally non-toxic if ingested but they do become irritating due to the instant bonding principles - hair, eyelids, skin

Oropharyngeal obstruction is rare

Question 24

How is cyanoacrylate adhesive exposure treated?

Answer 24

Sedation for glue removal

Rinse eyes

Question 25

Why is diphenylmethane diisocyanate a concerning compound?

Answer 25

Expandable nature

Question 26

In what environment do Diphenylmethane diisocyanate adhesives like to expand?

Answer 26

In warm/moist environments - they expant 3-8x

Question 27

How is diphenylmethane diisocyanate toxicosis diagnosed?

Answer 27

Radiographs

Question 28

What clinical signs are associated with diphenylmethane diisocyanate?

Answer 28

Vomiting - +/- blood, dehydration Anorexia Abdominal distension Pain Lethargy Anxiety Hyperventilation

Question 29

How are polyurethane adhesive (diphenylmethane diisocyanate) toxicoses treated?

Answer 29

**DO** give IV fluids **DO NOT** induce emesis, give activated charchoal, give water or milk, give prokinetics

Question 30

What are the sources of Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene?

Answer 30

**Mothballs**, cake deoderizers, diaper pailes

Question 31

How many mothballs is toxic to small animals?

Answer 31

1

Question 32

What increases the absorption rate of Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene?

Answer 32

A fatty meal

Question 33

Where are Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene metabolized? Excreted?

Answer 33

Metabolized in the liver Excreted in the **urine**, eggs, and milk

Question 34

What is the MOA of Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene?

Answer 34

Toxic metabolite → Oxidative damage to RBCs → MetHb & Heinz body formation

Question 35

What clinical signs are associated with naphthalene?

Answer 35

Naphthalene scented breath **Methemoglobinemia** Heinz body anemia Hemolysis +/- icterus Renal dysfunction

Question 36

What clinical signs are associated with paradichlorobenzene toxicosis?

Answer 36

Vomiting Tremors Seizures

Question 37

What CBC results are consistent with Naphthalene/ Paradichlorbenzene toxicosis?

Answer 37

↓ PCV (anemia), heinz bodies

Question 38

What samples are used for histopathic diagnosis of Naphthalene/ Paradichlorbenzene toxicosis?

Answer 38

Liver, kidney, and GI tract

Question 39

What is urine used for when diagnosing Naphthalene/ Paradichlorbenzene toxicosis?

Answer 39

Compound detection - make sure to corelate results with clinical signs

Question 40

How is naphthalene toxicosis treated?

Answer 40

Decontamination - emesis (\< 2 hours), activated charcoal, cathartic 1% methylene blue Bicarbonate fluids

Question 41

How is paradichlorobenzene toxicosis treated?

Answer 41

Decontamination Fluids Benzodiazapenes

Question 42

What are paintballs made up of?

Answer 42

Composition: polyethylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, sodium (hypernatremia)

Question 43

What clinical signs are associated with paintball toxicosis?

Answer 43

Vomiting Diarrhea Ataxia Tremors

Question 44

How is paintball toxicosis treated?

Answer 44

Fluids Correct Acid-base imbalances