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Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

Process of our sensory receptors and nervous system receiving and representing stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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3
Q

perception

A

Process of our brain organizing and interpreting sensory information, so that we can recognize meaningful objects and events

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4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

It starts at sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

Information processing through higher-level mental processes

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6
Q

selective attention

A

Focussing our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, our consciousness focuses on one thing at a time.

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7
Q

inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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8
Q

change blindness

A

A form of inattentional blindness where we fail to notice changes in our environment.

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9
Q

transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another. in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

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10
Q

psychophysics

A

Studies the relationship between the physical energy we can detect and its effects on our psychological experiences

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11
Q

absolute threshold

A

The edge of our awareness of stimuli is the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

Assumes there is no single absolute threshold, and that a person’s detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus during a background stimulation.

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13
Q

difference threshold

A

The minimum stimulus difference a person can detect 50 percent of the time. A just noticeable difference.

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13
Q

subliminal

A

Stimuli you cannot consciously detect 50 percent of the time. below a person’s absolute threshold.

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14
Q

priming

A

A method used by researchers to activate unconscious associations.

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15
Q

Weber’s law

A

To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.

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16
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Getting used to a smell.

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17
Q

perceptual set

A

To perceive one thing and not another.

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18
Q

functional fixedness

A

A cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

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19
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

The claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. ex. telepathy…

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20
Q

wavelength

A

distance from one wave peak to the next

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21
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena

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22
Q

cornea

A

The eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covers the pupil and iris.

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23
Q

hue

A

The dimension of color we see that is determined by the wavelength of light. The colors we see.

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24
intensity
The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave that influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. It is determined by the wave's amplitude (height).
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iris
Muscle tissue that is the colored portion of the eye. It controls the size of the pupil.
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pupil
The black part of the eye. An adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
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rods
For seeing at night. The retina's nearly 130 million receptor cells in the back of the eye. Detect black, white, and gray, not for seeing color, and are sensitive to movement. Helps peripheral vision.
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lens
Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape.
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retina
The light-sensitive, multilayered surface on the inner surface of the eye. This multilayered tissue is made of layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. It also contains receptor rods and cones.
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accommodation
A process within sensation and perception, in which the eye lens (behind the pupil, clear) changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
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cones
Retinal receptors near the center of the retina, function in daylight/ well-lit conditions, for seeing colors, and detecting fine detail.
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optic nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
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bipolar cells (vision)
interneurons in the retina, which transfer visual information from photoreceptors, rods, and cones; to amacrine and ganglion cells. provide the main pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
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ganglion cells (vision)
provide information important for detecting the shape and movement of objects
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Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
within your eye are tiny cells that can receive waves of light and translate them into one of three colors
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fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.
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blind spot
No receptor cells, where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
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parallel processing
our ability to deal with multiple stimuli simultaneously
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opponent-process theory
the primary or initial reaction to an emotional event will be subsequently followed by an opposite secondary emotional state
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feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus
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gestalt
an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts
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Necker cube
an optical illusion that was first published as a rhomboid in 1832
40
figure-ground
people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background
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grouping
the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects
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proximity
the tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by
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continuity
the ability to continue the same way. vision, creating continuous uninterrupted patterns
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closure
the illusion of seeing an incomplete stimulus as though it were a whole
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retinal disparity
left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object
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depth perception
your ability to see objects in three dimensions including their size and how far away they are from you
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visual cliff
involves an apparent but not actual drop from one surface to another
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binocular depth cues
the images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception
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convergence
sensory details, such as sight or touch, are combined and evaluated to form perceptions
48
monocular depth cues
clues that allow us to see depth through one eye
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linear perspective
a system of creating an illusion of depth on a flat surface
49
relative height
We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower
50
motion parallax
a type of depth perception cue in which closer objects appear to move faster than objects that are further
51
light and shadow (as a monocular depth cue)
nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes, dimmer seems farther
52
phi phenomenon
00000000000000an optical illusion that causes one to see several still images in a series as moving
52
Müller-Lyer illusion
viewers usually estimate that the stick with two open fins is longer, even though the sticks are the same length
53
interposition
monocular cue in which one object partially obscures or covers another object giving the perception the object that is partially covered is farther away
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perceptual constancy
the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur
54
relative size
the more distant an object, the smaller its image will be on the retina
55
perceptual adaptation
the ability of the body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions
56
color constancy
our ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations
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frequency
the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time
58
pitch
the degree of highness or lowness of a tone
59
audition
formal phrase for hearing
60
outer ear (pinna)
collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal
60
middle ear
has three small bones — the hammer, or malleus; the anvil, or incus; and the stirrup
61
eardrum (tympanic membrane)
circular piece of tissue separates your outer ear and your middle ear
62
ossicles (hammer, anvil, strirrup)
further, amplify the sound
63
inner ear
where the sound waves are converted into electrical energy, which your hearing nerve delivers to your brain as sound
63
basilar membrane
the main mechanical element of the inner ear, vibration patterns have the effect of separating incoming sound into its component frequencies
63
cilia
discharge electrical impulses that are routed through the auditory nerve to the brain
64
sensorineural hearing loss
happens after inner ear damage
65
cochlea
coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
66
place theory
suggests that we hear different pitches because different areas of the cochlea respond to higher and lower pitches
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conduction hearing loss
happens when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear
69
cochlear implant
surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides a person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception
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