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Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught

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2
Q

habituation

A

a form of non-associative learning in which an innate response to a stimulus decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus

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3
Q

associative learning

A

the process through which organisms acquire information about relationships between events or entities in their environment

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4
Q

stimulus

A

anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change

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5
Q

respondent behavior

A

elicited by stimuli and occur automatically in the presence of these stimuli

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6
Q

operant behavior

A

It is freely emitted by an animal, in the sense that there is no obvious triggering stimulus, susceptible to reinforcement and punishments

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7
Q

cognitive learning

A

a style of learning that focuses on more effective use of the brain

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent physiological stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

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8
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not produce an automatic response

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings

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9
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

the unlearned response to a stimulus

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10
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

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10
Q

acquisition

A

the moment when a response is established based on conditioning

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11
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

occurs when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with a new unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the learned or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

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14
Q

generalization

A

a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases

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15
Q

discrimination

A

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

extinction

A

the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

when a behavior that is believed to be extinct unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response

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18
Q

operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

a chamber, often small, that is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

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20
Q

law of effect

A

behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated

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21
Q

shaping

A

method of increasing a targeted behavior through reinforcement in a process of successive approximation

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22
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the act of rewarding a positive behavior to encourage it to happen again in the future

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22
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus that has stimulus control over behavior because the behavior was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past

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23
Q

negative reinforcement

A

occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior

24
Q

reinforcement

A

something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative

25
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

involves the delivery of a reinforcer every single time that a desired behavior is emitted

26
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

the rules that determine how often an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior

27
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

involves using a constant number of responses, every time the behavior is performed

28
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

only some of the instances of behavior are reinforced, not every instance

29
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses (Gambling)

30
Q

primary reinforcer

A

things that motivate behavior because they fully satisfy an individual’s basic survival needs

30
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

A stimulus that becomes an effective reinforcer because of its association with a primary, or unconditioned, reinforcer

31
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors

31
Q

preparedness

A

concept developed to explain why certain associations are learned more readily than others

32
Q

biofeedback

A

technique of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one’s own body by using electronic or other instruments

32
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of one’s physical environment

33
Q

latent learning

A

a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in a plainly seen way

34
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a term used to describe the incentive we feel to complete a task simply because we find it interesting or enjoyable

34
Q

insight

A

the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing

35
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a motivation that is driven by external rewards

36
Q

problem-focused coping

A

used when the individual is able to identify the problem or source of stress

37
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

provides reinforcement after random time intervals

38
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

provides a reward at consistent times

39
Q

punishment

A

the forcing of a penalty as doom for a wrongdoing.

39
Q

external locus of control

A

influences our response to events in our lives and our motivation to take action

40
Q

learned helplessness

A

a condition in which a person has a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed

40
Q

internal locus of control

A

It means that you believe that your own actions have an impact

41
Q

self-control

A

a cognitive process for self-regulating behavior in pursuit of personal goals

41
Q

social learning theory

A

Technically, social learning theory includes observational learning, but for the purposes of this intro course, you can see social learning theory and observational learning as very similar.

42
Q

observational learning

A

the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others

43
Q

modeling

A

purposely changing a behavior in order to improve your mindset and achieve your goals

44
Q

mirror neurons

A

respond to actions that we observe in others

45
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

using skills for processing and dealing with feelings that arise due to stressful situations

46
Q

John B. Watson

A

He is remembered for his research on the conditioning process

47
Q

personal control

A

an individual’s belief about the degree that which he or she can bring about good events and avoid bad events

48
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

best known for developing the theory of behaviorism

49
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

perhaps the greatest pure experimental psychologist of the 20th century. He was the undisputable heir to Ivan Pavlov

49
Q

John Garcia

A

Garcia effect shows that organisms will avoid certain foods that they have eaten near the time they experience nausea or vomiting

49
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

best known for the theory he called the law of effect, which emerged from his research on how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes

50
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

known for his influence on cognitive behaviorism, his research on cognitive maps

51
Q

Albert Bandura

A

groundbreaking research on the importance of learning by observing others

52
Q

prosocial behavior

A

feeling empathy and concern for others

53
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

discovery of classical conditioning

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