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Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught

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2
Q

habituation

A

a form of non-associative learning in which an innate response to a stimulus decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus

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3
Q

associative learning

A

the process through which organisms acquire information about relationships between events or entities in their environment

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4
Q

stimulus

A

anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change

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5
Q

respondent behavior

A

elicited by stimuli and occur automatically in the presence of these stimuli

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6
Q

operant behavior

A

It is freely emitted by an animal, in the sense that there is no obvious triggering stimulus, susceptible to reinforcement and punishments

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7
Q

cognitive learning

A

a style of learning that focuses on more effective use of the brain

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent physiological stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

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8
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not produce an automatic response

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings

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9
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

the unlearned response to a stimulus

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10
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response

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10
Q

acquisition

A

the moment when a response is established based on conditioning

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11
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

occurs when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with a new unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the learned or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

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14
Q

generalization

A

a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases

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15
Q

discrimination

A

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

extinction

A

the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing

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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

when a behavior that is believed to be extinct unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response

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18
Q

operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

a chamber, often small, that is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

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20
Q

law of effect

A

behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated

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21
Q

shaping

A

method of increasing a targeted behavior through reinforcement in a process of successive approximation

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22
positive reinforcement
the act of rewarding a positive behavior to encourage it to happen again in the future
22
discriminative stimulus
stimulus that has stimulus control over behavior because the behavior was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past
23
negative reinforcement
occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior
24
reinforcement
something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative
25
continuous reinforcement schedule
involves the delivery of a reinforcer every single time that a desired behavior is emitted
26
reinforcement schedule
the rules that determine how often an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior
27
fixed-ratio schedule
involves using a constant number of responses, every time the behavior is performed
28
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
only some of the instances of behavior are reinforced, not every instance
29
variable-ratio schedule
a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses (Gambling)
30
primary reinforcer
things that motivate behavior because they fully satisfy an individual's basic survival needs
30
conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that becomes an effective reinforcer because of its association with a primary, or unconditioned, reinforcer
31
instinctive drift
the tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors
31
preparedness
concept developed to explain why certain associations are learned more readily than others
32
biofeedback
technique of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one's own body by using electronic or other instruments
32
cognitive map
a mental representation of one's physical environment
33
latent learning
a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in a plainly seen way
34
intrinsic motivation
a term used to describe the incentive we feel to complete a task simply because we find it interesting or enjoyable
34
insight
the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing
35
extrinsic motivation
a motivation that is driven by external rewards
36
problem-focused coping
used when the individual is able to identify the problem or source of stress
37
variable-interval schedule
provides reinforcement after random time intervals
38
fixed-interval schedule
provides a reward at consistent times
39
punishment
the forcing of a penalty as doom for a wrongdoing.
39
external locus of control
influences our response to events in our lives and our motivation to take action
40
learned helplessness
a condition in which a person has a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed
40
internal locus of control
It means that you believe that your own actions have an impact
41
self-control
a cognitive process for self-regulating behavior in pursuit of personal goals
41
social learning theory
Technically, social learning theory includes observational learning, but for the purposes of this intro course, you can see social learning theory and observational learning as very similar.
42
observational learning
the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others
43
modeling
purposely changing a behavior in order to improve your mindset and achieve your goals
44
mirror neurons
respond to actions that we observe in others
45
emotion-focused coping
using skills for processing and dealing with feelings that arise due to stressful situations
46
John B. Watson
He is remembered for his research on the conditioning process
47
personal control
an individual's belief about the degree that which he or she can bring about good events and avoid bad events
48
B. F. Skinner
best known for developing the theory of behaviorism
49
Robert Rescorla
perhaps the greatest pure experimental psychologist of the 20th century. He was the undisputable heir to Ivan Pavlov
49
John Garcia
Garcia effect shows that organisms will avoid certain foods that they have eaten near the time they experience nausea or vomiting
49
Edward L. Thorndike
best known for the theory he called the law of effect, which emerged from his research on how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes
50
Edward C. Tolman
known for his influence on cognitive behaviorism, his research on cognitive maps
51
Albert Bandura
groundbreaking research on the importance of learning by observing others
52
prosocial behavior
feeling empathy and concern for others
53
Ivan Pavlov
discovery of classical conditioning

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