Unit 8, Part 1

Question 1

psychological disorder

Answer 1

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior.

Question 2

medical model

Answer 2

a concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Question 3

epigenetics

Answer 3

“above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change.

Question 4

DSM-5

Answer 4

The American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Question 5

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 5

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Question 6

anxiety disorders

Answer 6

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Question 7

social anxiety disorder

Answer 7

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

Question 8

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 8

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Question 9

panic disorder

Answer 9

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minuteslong episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Question 10

agoraphobia

Answer 10

a fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt a loss of control and panic.

Question 11

phobia

Answer 11

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Question 12

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 12

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

Question 13

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 13

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

Question 14

conversion disorder

Answer 14

a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions.

Question 15

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 15

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jump anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Question 16

major depressive disorder

Answer 16

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Question 17

bipolar disorder

Answer 17

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder).

Question 18

mania

Answer 18

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Question 19

rumination

Answer 19

compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.

Question 20

schizophrenia

Answer 20

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.

Question 20

psychotic disorders

Answer 20

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.

Question 21

hallucination

Answer 21

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absense of an external visual stumulus.

Question 22

delusion

Answer 22

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Question 23

chronic schizophrenia

Answer 23

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or late adulthood. as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Question 24

acute schizophrenia

Answer 24

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of scizophrenia that can begin at any age; and frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event.

Question 24

illness anxiety disorder

Answer 24

a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

Question 25

dissociative disorders

Answer 25

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 26

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 26

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Question 26

personality disorders

Answer 26

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Question 27

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 27

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Question 27

anorexia nervosa

Answer 27

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

Question 27

bulimia nervosa

Answer 27

an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Question 28

binge-eating disorder

Answer 28

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.