Unit 8, Part 1 Flashcards
(33 cards)
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior.
medical model
a concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
epigenetics
“above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change.
DSM-5
The American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
social anxiety disorder
intense fear and avoidance of social situations
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minuteslong episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.
agoraphobia
a fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt a loss of control and panic.
phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.
somatic symptom disorder
a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
conversion disorder
a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jump anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
bipolar disorder
a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder).
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.
psychotic disorders
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.
hallucination
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absense of an external visual stumulus.
delusion
a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
chronic schizophrenia
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or late adulthood. as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
