Unit 3 Flashcards
(367 cards)
1
Q
What is the anatomical term for the navel?
A
Umbilicus
2
Q
What cavity lies between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet?
A
Abdominal Cavity
3
Q
What is the name of the band of dense regular connective tissue that stretches from the anterior
superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle?
A
Inguinal Ligament
4
Q
List the nine abdominopelvic regions
A
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Pubic (hypogastric) region
Right & Left Hypochondriac regions
Right & Left Flank (lumbar) regions
Right & Left Groing (inguinal) regions
5
Q
4 Regions
Hint: Quadrants
A
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
6
Q
What is the fatty superficial layer of abdominal fascia?
A
Camper’s Fascia
7
Q
What is the membranous superficial layer of abdominal fascia/
A
Scarpa’s Fascia
8
Q
What thin membrane lies between the transverse abdominus and the parietal peritoneum?
A
Transversalis Fascia
9
Q
What membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
Peritoneum
10
Q
What portion of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity lines the internal walls of the cavity?
A
Parietal Peritoneum
11
Q
What portion of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
ensheathes the external surfaces of most digestive organs?
A
Visceral peritoneum
12
Q
What potential space lies between the two layers of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
Peritoneal Cavity
13
Q
What term describes abdominopelvic organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum?
A
Intraperitoneal organs
14
Q
What term describes abdominopelvic organs that typically lie against the posterior
abdominal wall and thus have only their anterior aspects covered with peritoneum?
A
Retroperitoneal organs
15
Q
Identify:
Origin - External surfaces of 5th to 12th ribs.
Insertion - Anterior half of iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba. (The linea alba is a white line of fibrous tissue running vertically from the sternum to
the pubic symphysis in the anterior abdominal wall.)
Action - Compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk
A
External Abdominal Obliques
16
Q
External Abdominal Obliques
Origin, Insertion, and Action
A
Origin - External surfaces of 5th to 12th ribs.
Insertion - Anterior half of iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba. (The linea alba is a white line of fibrous tissue running vertically from the sternum to
the pubic symphysis in the anterior abdominal wall.)
Action - Compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk
17
Q
Identify:
Origin - Anterior two thirds of iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament (the inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle), and thoracolumbar fascia (the thoracolumbar fascia is an
aponeurosis on the posterior side of the body in the thoracic
and lumbar regions).
Insertion - Linea alba, costal cartilage of last three or four ribs.
Action - Compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk
A
Internal abdominal obliques
18
Q
Internal abdominal obligues
origin, insertion, action
A
Origin - Anterior two thirds of iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal ligament (the inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle), and thoracolumbar fascia (the thoracolumbar fascia is an
aponeurosis on the posterior side of the body in the thoracic
and lumbar regions).
Insertion - Linea alba, costal cartilage of last three or four ribs.
Action - Compresses and supports abdominal viscera; flexes and rotates trunk
19
Q
Identify:
Origin - Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia (the lumbar fascia is an aponeurosis in the lumbar region), and costal cartilage of last six ribs.
Insertion - Xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis.
Action - Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
A
Transversus Abdominis
20
Q
Transversus Abdominis
origin, insertion, action
A
Origin - Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia (the lumbar fascia is an aponeurosis in the lumbar region), and costal cartilage of last six ribs.
Insertion - Xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis.
Action - Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
21
Q
Identify:
Origin - Pubic crest and symphysis pubis.
Insertion - Costal cartilages of fifth
through seventh ribs and xiphoid process.
Action - Flexes vertebral column.
Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
A
Rectus Abdominis
22
Q
Rectus Abdominis
origin, insertion, action
A
Origin - Pubic crest and symphysis pubis.
Insertion - Costal cartilages of fifth
through seventh ribs and xiphoid process.
Action - Flexes vertebral column.
Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
23
Q
What is the opening in the abdominal wall that allows the teste to exit the abdomen?
A
Inguinal Canal
24
Q
What are the borders of the inguinal canal?
A
Deep and superficial inguinal rings
25
What is an inguinal hernia
A condition when the intestines push through the abdominal wall
26
What are the two types of inguinal hernias?
Direct
Indirect
27
Which gender is more likely to get an indirect hernia and why?
Males, because their testes...
28
List the six main functions of the digestive system
Ingestion
Digestion
Peristalsis
Secretion
Absorption
Elimination
29
What function of the digestive system involves the introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity?
Ingestion
30
What function of the digestive system involves the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules?
Digestion
31
What aspect of digestion involves the break down of ingested material into smaller pieces of the same material?
Mechanical digestion
32
What aspect of digestion involves the break down of molecules into their component parts?
Chemical digestion
33
What is the process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract?
Peristalsis
34
What is the churning and mixing of movement that occurs in the small intestine?
Segmentation
35
What is the process of producing and releasing fluid products, such as acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and mucin?
Secretion
36
What is the passive or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium and into GI tract blood and lymphatic vessels?
Absorption
37
What are all the undigestable materials as well as waste products secreted by the accessory organs into the GI tract and discharged through the anus?
Feces
38
What is the process of elimination by the digestive system?
Defecation
39
What extension of the peritoneum extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the
stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs?
Greater omentum
40
What extension of the peritoneum extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver?
Lesser omentum
41
What fan-shaped fold of peritoneum suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesentery Proper
42
What fold of peritoneum attaches parts of the large intestine to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesocolon
43
What type of mesentery attaches one organ to another organ to the anterior or lateral abdominal wall?
Peritoneal ligament
44
What is the shape of the stomach?
J-shaped
45
Where is the stomach located?
Left upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the diaphragm
46
What region of the stomach is attached to the esophagus?
Cardia
47
What is the dome-shaped region of the stomach?
Fundus
48
What is the largest region of the stomach?
Body
49
What region of the stomach is funnel-shaped and attached to the duodenum?
Pylorus
50
What circular muscle of the stomach regulates the material entering the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
51
What is the inferior convex border of the stomach?
Greater Curvature
52
What is the superior concave border of the stomach?
Lesser curvature
53
What are the internal folds of the stomach?
Gastric Folds (rugae)
54
How many layers of smooth muscle are found in the stomach, and what are they called?
3 layers:
Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique
55
What is another term for the small intestine?
Small bowel
56
What is the first segment of the small intestine?
Duodenum
57
Bile and pancreatic juice enter the small intestine through what structure?
Major duodenal papilla
58
What is the second segment of the small intestine?
Jejunum
59
What is the third segment of the small intestine?
Ileum
60
What circular muscle controls the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?
Ileocecal Valve
61
What is a synonym for the large intestine?
Large Bowel
62
What is the first region of the large intestine?
Cecum
63
Where is the first region of the large intestine located?
Right lower abdominal quadrant
64
What thin, hollow, fingerlike sac lined by lymphocyte-filled lymphatic nodules is attached to the first region of the large
intestine?
Vermiform Appendix
65
What segment of the large intestine extends from the
ileocecal valve superiorly along the right lateral border of the abdominal cavity?
Ascending Colon
66
What bend in the colon occurs near the inferior surface of the liver?
Right colic flexure
(hepatic flexure)
67
What segment of the large intestine projects horizontally across the anterior region of the
abdominal cavity?
Transverse colon
68
What bend in the colon occurs near the spleen?
Left colic flexure
(splenic flexure)
69
What segment of the large intestine lies along the left side of the abdominal cavity?
Descending Colon
70
What segment of the large intestine is S-shaped and turns inferomedially into the pelvic cavity?
Sigmoid Colon
71
What segment of the large intestine is straight and lies on the posterior wall of the true pelvis?
Rectum
72
What is the terminal section of the large intestine?
Anal canal
73
What two circular muscles regulate the passage of feces from the anal canal?
Internal and external anal sphincters
74
What is the posterior opening of the alimentary canal?
Anus
75
What are the three, thin, distinct, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle on the exterior of the large
intestine?
Taeniae Coli
76
What are the many pouches that the large intestine is divided into?
Haustra
77
What are the lobules of fat hanging off the external surface of the large intestine?
Epiploic Appendages
78
Where is the spleen located?
*In the upper left quadrant (left hypochondriac region)
*Lateral to the superior aspect of the stomach, and inferior to the diaphragm
79
What organ of the abdomen has major lymphatic functions and breaks down red blood cells?
The spleen
80
What region of the spleen allows blood vessels to enter and exit?
Hilum
81
Where is the liver located?
Right upper abdominal quadrant immediately inferior to the diaphragm
82
What fold of peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior internal abdominal wall?
Falciform Ligament
83
What are the two major lobes of the liver?
*Right lobe
*Left lobe
84
What separates the two major lobes of the liver?
Falciform Ligament
85
What are the two minor lobes of the liver?
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe
86
What lobe of the liver lies adjacent to the inferior vena cava?
Caudate lobe
87
88
What lobe of the liver is adjacent to the gallbladder?
Quadrate lobe
88
What remnant of the fetal umbilical vein is associated with the liver?
Round ligament of the liver
89
What is the area where blood and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter the liver?
The hilum of the liver
90
What collection of vessels make up the porta hepatis?
The common bile duct
The hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper
91
What is the gallbladder, and where is it located?
*A small saclike organ that stores bile
*On the anteroinferior aspect of the liver
92
What are the regions of the gallbladder?
Neck, body, fundus
93
What structure fills and drains the gallbladder?
Cystic duct
94
What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine
functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left side abdominal cavity, touching the spleen?
Pancreas
95
What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum?
Head
96
What is the central, elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall?
Body
97
What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen?
Tail
98
What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum?
Pancreatic duct
99
What are the ductless glands whose products are secreted directly into the blood?
Endocrine glands
100
What are regulatory chemicals secreted directly into the blood by the ductless glands and carried to target cells that respond by an alteration of their metabolism?
Hormones
101
What is the study of the endocrine system?
Endocrinology
102
What characteristic of endocrine glands ensures that their products enter the bloodstream immediately?
They are highly vascular
103
What is a heterocrine gland?
A gland that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions
104
What are the clusters of endocrine cells of the pancreas?
Pancreatic Islets
105
The pancreas produces what hormones to regulate blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Glucagon
106
What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum?
Biliary Apparatus
107
What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver?
Left and right hepatic ducts
108
Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure?
Common hepatic duct
109
What structure carries bile to and from the gallbladder?
Cystic duct
110
The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?
Common bile duct
111
What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
112
Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure?
Major duodenal papilla
113
How many adrenal glands are there?
Two
114
Where are the adrenal glands located?
On the superior surface of each kidney
115
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
116
The adrenal cortex produces what group of hormones?
Corticosteroids
117
The adrenal medulla is a part of what portion of the nervous system?
Sympathetic division of the ANS
118
The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Norepinephrine
119
What specialty in medicine focuses on the urinary system?
Urology
120
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
121
What are the organs of the urinary tract?
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
122
List the functions of the urinary system
* Remove waste products
* Storage of urine
* Excretion of urine
* Blood volume regulation
* Regulation of erythrocyte production
* (Regulation of pH of the blood)
* (Regulation of electrolytes)
123
In relation to the peritoneum, what is the position of the kidneys?
Retroperitoneal
124
Where are the kidneys located?
The superior pole of each kidney is about at the level of T12
The inferior pole is about at the level of L3
125
One kidney is lower than the other. Which one? Why?
Right kidney
Large size of the right lobe of the liver
126
In what part of a kidney do the vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to it?
Hilum of the kidney
127
What internal space of a kidney houses the renal arteries, renal
veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and fat?
Renal sinus
128
What layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers the outer surface of the kidney maintaining its shape, protecting it from trauma, and preventing the spread of infectious pathogens?
Fibrous Capsule
129
What layer of lipid-filled cells completely surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning and insulation?
Perinephric fat or adipose capsule
130
In a coronal section what is the outer, granular layer?
Renal cortex
131
In a coronal section what is the darker inner layer?
Renal medulla
132
What are the triangular shaped structures within the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in coronal section?
Renal pyramids
133
In the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in a coronal
section what structures lay between the triangular
shaped structures?
Renal columns
134
What part of a renal pyramid projects into the renal sinus?
Renal Papilla
135
What funnel-shaped structure attaches to a renal pyramid to collect urine?
Minor calyx
136
The funnel-shaped structures attached to the renal pyramids within the renal sinus merge to form what still larger structures?
Minor calyces
137
What large, funnel-shaped structure within the renal sinus collects urine and delivers it to the ureter?
Renal pelvis
138
What is the main blood supply to the kidney?
Renal artery
139
What vein drains the kidney?
Renal vein
140
What long, fibromuscular tubes conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
141
What is the location of the ureters?
* Retroperitoneal
* They are anterior to the transverse vertebral processes.
* They cross in front of the external iliac arteries.
* They enter the bladder at the posterolateral wall of its base.
142
What rhythmic movements of smooth muscle propel urine along the length of a ureter?
Peristalsis
143
Pain from a ureter is projected to what dermatomes? Where are these located?
T11-L2 (Loin-groin)
144
From what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?
The lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord
145
What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the
vertebral column from T1-L2?
Sympathetic Trunk or chain ganglia
146
What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments
147
What does "splanchnic" mean?
Visceral
148
What is a "plexus"?
Interwoven networks of nerves or blood vessels.
149
What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
Splanchnic Nerves
150
Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
151
What pathway is postganglionic axon within if it passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia
without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?
Splanchnic nerve pathway
152
What pathway in the sympathetic division goes to the adrenal medulla?
Adrenal medulla pathway
153
What are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?
Autonomic Plexuses
154
What structures are singular rather than paired, are anterior to
the vertebral column, and are located only in the abdominal cavity?
Prevertebral ganglia
155
List the three prevertebral ganglia
* Celiac ganglion
* Superior mesenteric ganglion
* Inferior mesenteric ganglion
156
What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
157
The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?
L1-L4
158
Identify:
Origin - Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament.
Insertion - Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the twelfth rib.
Action - Contraction of one side flexes the vertebral column laterally. Contraction of both sides extends the vertebral column.
Quadratus Lumborum
159
Quadratus Lumborum
origin, insertion, action
Origin - Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament.
Insertion - Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the twelfth rib.
Action - Contraction of one side flexes the vertebral column laterally. Contraction of both sides extends the vertebral column.
160
Identify:
Origin – Transverse process of L1-L5.
Insertion – Lesser trochanter of femur.
Action – Flexes hip. Rotates thigh laterally. Flexes vertebral column.
Psoas Major
161
Psoas Major
origin, insertion, action
Origin – Transverse process of L1-L5.
Insertion – Lesser trochanter of femur.
Action – Flexes hip. Rotates thigh laterally. Flexes vertebral column.
162
Identify:
Origin – Body, disc, and transverse process of L1.
Insertion – Superior pubic ramus.
Action – Flexes vertebral column.
Psoas Minor
163
Psoas Minor
origin, insertion, action
Origin – Body, disc, and transverse process of L1.
Insertion – Superior pubic ramus.
Action – Flexes vertebral column.
164
Artery Characteristics
*Elastic fibers
*Thicker smooth muscle layer
*No valves
*Higher pressure
165
The aortic arch leads immediately into what other segment of the aorta?
Descending thoracic aorta
166
Once the descending aorta passes through the diaphragm it is known as what?
Abdominal Aorta
167
At what level of the vertebral column does the aorta end?
L4
168
The aorta terminates by bifurcating into what two arteries?
Left and right common iliac arteries
169
What two arteries form an extensive anastomosis which
supplies the anterior abdominal
wall?
Superior and inferior epigastric arteries
170
What blood vessels carry blood to and from the diaphragm?
Superior and inferior phrenic arteries
171
What unpaired blood vessel arises from the abdominal aorta and splits into three branches that supply the stomach, part of the duodenum, the liver, and the spleen?
Celiac Trunk
172
What artery supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Left gastric artery
173
What artery supplies the spleen?
Splenic artery
174
What branch of the celiac trunk supplies the liver and related organs?
Common hepatic artery
175
What unpaired artery emerges from the abdominal aorta and supplies most of the small intestine, the pancreas, and the proximal part of the large intestine?
Superior mesenteric artery
176
What arteries supply the kidneys?
Renal arteries
177
What arteries supply the gonads?
Gonadal arteries
178
What unpaired artery emerges from the abdominal aorta and supplies the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum?
Inferior mesenteric artery
179
How do veins differ structurally from arteries?
Less smooth muscle
Valves
180
What blood vessel returns blood from the lower limbs, pelvis and
perineum, and abdominal structures to the right atrium of the heart?
Inferior vena cava
181
What veins drain the kidneys?
Renal Veins
182
What veins drain the gonads?
Gonadal veins
Left drains into the left renal vein
Right drains into the inferior vena cava
183
What is a system of veins that begins and ends in capillaries?
A portal system
184
What large vein receives oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it directly to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
185
What are the three main tributaries of the hepatic portal vein?
Inferior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
186
What veins carry blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava?
Hepatic veins
187
List the general functions of the lymphatic system
* Absorbs and transports excess interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream.
* Absorbs and transports dietary lipids.
* Houses lymphocytes.
* Generates an immune response.
188
What are the closed-ended tubes which are found among blood capillary networks and which work to collect excess interstitial fluid?
Lymphatic Capillaries
189
What structures of the lymphatic system resemble veins in that they have three tunics and valves?
Lymphatic vessels
190
What lymphatic organs are connected to lymph vessels and
work to filter foreign or pathogenic material from lymph?
Lymph nodes
191
What structure collects lymph from the right upper extremity,
the right side of the head and neck, and the right side of the thorax and returns it to the blood at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein?
Right lymphatic duct
192
What structure collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, left upper extremity, left thorax, and all body regions inferior to the diaphragm?
Thoracic duct
193
What rounded, saclike structure lies at the base of the thoracic duct?
Cisterna Chyli
194
What are small, round or oval structures that are located along the pathways of lymph vessels?
Lymph nodes
195
List some clusters of lymph nodes that are palpable from the surface of the body
Axillary lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes
Cervical lymph nodes
Cubital lymph nodes
196
What is the organ of exchange between a mother and a fetus?
The placenta
197
What structure carries blood between the fetus and the placenta?
The umbilical cord
198
What blood vessels carry blood from the fetus to the placenta?
Umbilical Arteries
199
The umbilical arteries of the fetus become what structures after birth?
Medial umbilical ligaments
200
What structure carries blood from the placenta to the fetus?
Umbilical Vein
201
The umbilical vein of the fetus becomes what structure after birth?
Round ligament of the liver
202
The umbilical vein enters the body of the fetus through the umbilicus and goes to the liver. There it delivers some blood to the liver. The remainder of the blood is
taken to the inferior vena cava by what blood vessel?
Ductus venosus
203
What four bones make up the adult pelvis?
Sacrum
Coccyx
Right Os Coxae
Left Os Coxae
204
Which of the bones of the pelvis make up the pelvic girdle?
Ossa Coxae
Os Coxa
205
What are two anatomical terms for what is commonly called the "hipbone"?
Os Coxae
Innominate bone
206
With what features of the sacrum does the pelvic girdle articulate?
Left and right auricular surfaces
207
With what feature of the pelvic girdle does the head of the femur articulate?
Acetabulum
208
What is the largest and most superior of the three bones of the os coxae?
Ilium
209
What is the wing-shaped portion of the ilium?
Ala
210
What depression lies on the medial side of the ilium?
Iliac Fossa
211
What features on the lateral side of the ilium are formed by the gluteal muscles?
Anterior, posterior, inferior, gluteal lines
212
What ear-shaped feature of the ilium articulates with the sacrum?
Auricular surface of the ilium
213
What is the superior ridge of the ilium?
Iliac Crest
214
What is the anterior termination of the superior ridge of the ilium?
Anterior superior iliac spine
215
What is the posterior termination of the superior ridge of the ilium?
Posterior superior iliac spine
216
What features lies inferior to the ala of the ilium anteriorly and posteriorly?
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
217
Through what part of the ilium does the sciatic nerve pass?
Greater Sciatic Notch
218
What is the most inferior bone of the os coxae?
Ischium
219
What is the prominent triangular projection of bone posterior to the acetabulum?
Ischial Spine
220
What is the indent that is formed by the ischial spine?
Lesser sciatic notch
221
What rough projections of the pelvic girdle bear the weight of the body in the sitting position?
Ischial tuberosity
222
What portion of the ischium fuses with the pubis medially?
Ischial Ramus
223
What is the most anterior of the three bones forming the os coxae?
Pubis
224
What part of the pubis articulates with the pubis on the opposite side of the body?
Body
225
What part of the pubis fuses with the ischium?
Inferior ramus
226
What part of the pubis originates at the anterior margin of the acetabulum?
Superior ramus
227
What opening in the os coxae is formed by the pubis and ischium?
Obturator Foramen
228
With what feature of the pubis does the inguinal ligament attach?
Pubic tubercle
229
What is the articulation between the bodies of the pubic bones?
Pubic symphysis
230
On what feature of the pubis does a comb-like muscle originate?
Pectineal line
231
What feature of the pelvis extends from the pubic crest, pectineal line, and arcuate line to the rounded inferior edge of the sacral ala and sacral promontory?
Pelvic Brim
232
What portion of the pelvic cavity lies inferiorly and forms a deep bowl?
True Pelvis
233
What portion of the pelvic cavity lies superiorly and is enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones?
False pelvis
234
What is the opening surrounded by the pelvic brim?
Pelvic inlet
235
What opening of the pelvic cavity is bordered by the coccyx, the ischial tuberosities, and the inferior border of the pubic
symphysis?
Pelvic Outlet
236
characteristics of the female
pelvis that differ from that of the male
* The entire pelvic girdle is tilted forward.
* The bones are thinner and lighter.
* The distance between the anterior superior iliac spines (greater pelvis) is wider.
* The true pelvis is spherical and wider.
* The outline of the obturator foramen is more triangular.
* The symphysis pubis is shallower.
* The pubic angle is wider and more rounded.
237
Shape of male pelvic inlet
Heart-shaped
238
Shape of female pelvic inlet
Circular
239
Identify:
Origin: Transverse processes of L1-L5
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of
femur
Action: Flexes hip. Rotates thigh
laterally. Flexes vertebral column.
Psoas Major
240
Psoas Major
origin, insertion, action
Origin: Transverse processes of L1-L5
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of
femur
Action: Flexes hip. Rotates thigh
laterally. Flexes vertebral column.
241
Iliacus
origin, insertion, action
Origin: Iliac fossa
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Action: Flexes hip. Rotates thigh laterally.
242
Identify:
Origin: Iliac fossa
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Action: Flexes hip. Rotates thigh laterally.
Iliacus
243
By what name are the iliacus and psoas major referred to after they pass deep to the inguinal ligament?
Iliopsoas
244
Gluteus Maximus
origin, insertion, action
Origin: Iliac crest, dorsal surface of
sacrum and coccyx.
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and
iliotibial tract
Action: Extends hip. Rotates thigh
laterally
245
Identify:
Origin: Iliac crest, dorsal surface of
sacrum and coccyx.
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and
iliotibial tract
Action: Extends hip. Rotates thigh
laterally
Gluteus Maximus
246
Gluteus Medius
origin, insertion, action
Origin: Upper half of lateral surface of the ilium
Insertion: Lateral surface of greater trochanter
Action: Abducts hip. Rotates thigh
medially
247
Identify:
Origin: Upper half of lateral surface of the ilium
Insertion: Lateral surface of greater trochanter
Action: Abducts hip. Rotates thigh
medially
Gluteus Medius
248
Gluteus Minimus
origin, insertion, action
Origin: Lower half of lateral surface of ilium
Insertion: Anterior surface of greater trochanter
Action: Abducts hip. Rotates thigh
medially
249
Identify:
Origin: Lower half of lateral surface of ilium
Insertion: Anterior surface of greater trochanter
Action: Abducts hip. Rotates thigh
medially
Gluteus Minimus
250
Piriformis
origin, insertion, action
Origin: Anterior of the sacrum
Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter
Action: Laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexed thigh
251
Identify:
Origin: Anterior of the sacrum
Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter
Action: Laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexed thigh
Piriformis
252
What long, fibromuscular tubes conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
253
What is the location of the ureters?
* Retroperitoneal
* They are anterior to the transverse vertebral processes.
* They cross in front of the external iliac arteries.
* They enter the bladder at the
posterolateral wall of its base.
254
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Posterolateral wall
255
What organ serves as a reservoir for urine?
Urinary Bladder
256
What is the general location of the urinary bladder?
Posterior to the pubic symphysis
257
What is the position of the urinary bladder in relation to the peritoneum?
Retroperitoneal
258
What type of tissue is found lining the bladder, and why is it necessary?
Transitional Epithelium
Allows the bladder to distend
259
Where is the base of the bladder located?
The posteroinferior aspect
260
Where is the apex of the bladder located?
The anterosuperior aspect
261
What structure of the bladder is responsible for the apex?
Median umbilical ligament
262
What important triangular shaped feature of the bladder appears at the base?
The trigone
263
What three structures make up the trigone?
Left ureter
Right ureter
Urethra
264
What is the specific location of the bladder in females?
Inferior to the uterus
Anterior to the vagina
265
What is the specific location of the bladder in males?
*Superior to the prostate gland
*Anterior to the rectum
266
What fibromuscular tube conducts urine to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
267
What is the function of the perineal membrane?
Provides support to the pelvic floor and the urethra
268
What circular array of smooth muscle guards the orifice of the urethra?
Internal urethral sphincter
269
What circular array of skeletal muscle voluntarily* controls the flow of urine through the urethra?
External Urethral Sphincter
270
How long is the female urethra?
3-5 centimeters
271
How long is the male urethra?
18-20 centimeters
272
The bifurcations of the abdominal aorta themselves bifurcate into what two arteries?
Internal & external iliac arteries
273
What artery is a branch of the external iliac and supplies the abdominal wall?
Inferior epigastric arteries
274
What artery supplies blood to the pelvis and perineum?
Internal iliac artery
275
What blood vessel is the main arterial supply of the lower extremity?
External iliac artery
276
What structure marks the superior border of the femoral artery?
Inguinal ligament
277
What vein extends from the hiatus of the adductor magnus to the inguinal ligament?
Femoral vein
278
What vein extends from the inguinal ligament to the merger of this vein with the internal iliac vein?
External iliac vein
279
What vein is formed by the convergence of the external and internal iliac veins?
Common iliac vein
280
The common iliac veins merge to form what vein?
Inferior vena cava
281
What are the organs which produce gametes?
Primary sex organs (gonads)
*Testes
*Ovaries
282
What are those structures that are
essential in caring for and transporting gametes and in women for the implantation and development of the fertilized egg?
Secondary (accessory) sex organs
283
What are the characteristics that are not essential for the reproductive process but are generally considered sexually attractant features?
Secondary sexual characteristics
284
What are structures that are derived from common developmental structures (primordial) and serve common functions in adults?
Homologues
285
What are the primary reproductive organs?
Gonads
*Ovaries
*Testes
286
What do primary reproductive organs produce?
Gametes
287
What are structures that carry gametes away from the gonads toward the site of fertilization or to the outside of the body?
Secondary (accessory) reproductive organs
288
What are three medical terms for sexual union?
Copulation
Coitus
Sexual Intercourse
289
What is the diamond-shaped area of the pelvis that is between the thighs?
Perineum
290
What are the skeletal landmarks of the perineum?
Pubic symphysis
Ischial Tuberosities
Coccyx
291
What is the anterior triangle of the perineum?
Urogenital triangle
292
What is the posterior triangle of the perineum?
Anal triangle
293
As the peritoneum folds around the various pelvic organs, it produces two major dead-end recesses or pouches. What is the anterior pouch formed between the uterus and the
urinary bladder?
Vesicouterine Pouch
294
As the peritoneum folds around the various pelvic organs, it produces two major dead-end recesses or pouches. What is the posterior pouch formed between the uterus and the rectum?
Rectouterine Pouch
295
What are the primary sex organs of the female?
Ovaries
296
What are the accessory sex organs of the female?
* Uterine tubes
* Uterus
* Vagina
* Clitoris
* Mammary glands*
297
Where are the ovaries located?
Within the pelvic cavity lateral to the uterus
298
What ligament of the uterus is a peritoneal drape over the uterus?
Broad ligament
299
What double fold of peritoneum attaches to each ovary at the hilum of the ovary and secures the ovary to the broad ligament?
Mesovarium
300
What is the rounded cord of fibrous and muscular tissue extending from each superior angle of the uterus to the inner extremity of the ovary of the same side?
Ovarian ligament
301
What structure attaches to the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament
302
What structures extend from both sides of the uterus toward the ovaries?
Fallopian tubes
303
What structure surrounds the uterine tubes and anchors it to the broad ligament?
Mesosalpinx
304
What are the numerous fingerlike folds at the lateral margin of the uterine tube?
Fimbriae
305
What is the free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum
306
What is the longest, tapered portion of the uterine tube?
Ampulla
307
What is the distal, narrow portion of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterus?
Isthmus
308
What is the pear-shaped, thick-walled, muscular organ within the pelvic cavity of the female?
Uterus
309
What is the broad, curved, superior region of the uterus extending between the lateral attachments of the uterine tubes?
Fundus
310
What is the major, middle region of the uterus?
Body
311
What is the narrow transition zone of the uterus between the body and the cervix?
Isthmus
312
What is the narrow, inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina?
Cervix
313
What is the internal opening of the cervix?
Internal Os
314
What is the narrow channel within the cervix of the uterus?
Cervical canal
315
What is the opening of the cervical canal that empties into the vaginal canal?
External os
316
Collectively what are the muscles of the pelvic floor that support the uterus?
Pelvic diaphragm
317
What structures run from the lateral sides of the uterus, through the inguinal canal and attach to the labia majora?
Round ligaments
318
What ligaments of the uterus run from the sides of the cervix and superior vagina laterally to the walls of the pelvis and restrict inferior movement of the uterus?
Transverse cervical ligaments
319
What ligaments connect the uterus to the sacrum?
Uterosacral ligaments
320
What ligament of the uterus is a peritoneal drape over the uterus?
Broad ligament
321
What artery supplies the uterus?
Uterine artery
322
What is the outer layer of the uterus?
Perimetrium
323
What is the thick, middle tunic of the uterus composed of smooth muscle?
Myometrium
324
What is the inner most tunic of the uterus?
Endometrium
325
What is the fibromuscular tube of the female reproductive system that serves as both the copulatory organ and the birth canal?
Vagina
326
What is the external opening of the vagina?
Vaginal orifice
327
Where is the vaginal orifice located?
Between the labia minora
328
What structure is formed by mucosal folds that project into
the lumen of the vagina to form a
vascularized, membranous barrier?
Hymen
329
What is the name of the small pair of glands posterior to the female urethra?
Paraurethral glands
330
What is the collective term for the external genitalia of the female?
Vulva
331
What is an expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis in the female?
Mons pubis
332
What are the paired, thickened
folds of skin and connective tissue
on the lateral sides of the female
external genitalia?
Labia Majora
333
What are the paired medial folds of skin and connective tissue of the female external genitalia?
Labia Minora
334
What is the name of the small glands found on the posterolateral aspect of the vaginal opening?
Greater vestibular glands
335
What is the small erectile organ at
the anterior part of the vulva? It is
homologous to the penis
Clitoris
336
What skin-covered sac of the male reproductive system houses the testes?
Scrotum
337
What is the female homolog of the scrotum?
Labia majora
338
What layer of smooth muscle lies within the scrotum?
Dartos muscle
339
What is the function of the dartos muscle?
Constrict the scrotum
340
What is the copulatory organ of the male
penis
341
What is the internal portion of the penis?
Root
342
What is the elongated, movable portion of the penis?
Body (shaft)
343
What is the tip of the penis?
Glans
344
What opening is found within the glans penis?
Urethral orifice
345
What is the circular fold of skin over the tip of the penis?
Foreskin
346
What are the paired columns of erectile tissue located on the dorsal side of the penis?
Corpora Cavernosa
347
What column of erectile tissue within the penis surrounds the urethra?
Corpus Spongiosum
348
What are the primary sex organs of the male?
Testes
349
Within the testes what are the tightly coiled structures where sperm are produced?
Seminiferous tubules
350
Where do the testes develop?
Within the abdomen
351
What structure must the testes pass through to reach the scrotum?
Inguinal Canal
352
What extension of the internal abdominal oblique helps to regulate the temperature of the testis?
Cremaster muscles
353
What is an inguinal hernia?
A condition when the intestines push through the abdominal wall
354
Which sex is more likely to experience inguinal hernias and why?
355
The blood vessels and nerves to the testis travel from within the abdomen to the scrotum in what
multilayered structure?
Spermatic cord
356
What are the structures found within the spermatic cord?
* Vas deferens
* Pampiniform plexus
* Testicular artery
* Testicular nerve
357
What plexus of veins within the spermatic cord captures heat from the testicular artery in order to help cool the testis?
Pampiniform plexus
358
What comma-shaped structure lies on the posterior side of the testis and is where sperm mature and become mobile?
Epididymis
359
What thick-walled tube travels within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, and within the pelvic cavity?
Ductus Deferens
(vas deferens)
360
As the ductus deferens approaches the superoposterior edge of the prostate gland, it enlarges into what structure?
Ampulla of the ductus deferens
361
What accessory glands of the male reproductive system are located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder adjacent to the ampulla of the ductus deferens?
Seminal vesicles
362
What accessory gland of the male reproductive system is shaped like a walnut and is located at the base of the bladder?
Prostate gland
363
What structure conducts sperm and a component of seminal fluid through the prostate toward the urethra?
Ejaculatory duct
364
What is the female homolog of the prostate?
Paraurethral gland
365
What are the paired, pea-shaped accessory glands of the male reproductive system located on each side of the urethra?
Bulbourethral glands
366
What is the female homolog of the bulbourethral glands?
Greater vestibular glands
