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Week 1 Flashcards

Terminology, Cells, and Movement (85 cards)

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1
Q

What term implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body?

A

Plane

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2
Q

What fundamental plane of reference passes lengthwise through the body and divides it into front and back portions?

A

Coronal Plane

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3
Q

What fundamental plane of reference divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions?

A

Transverse Plane

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4
Q

What fundamental plane of reference passes vertically through the body, dividing it into right and left portions?

A

Sagittal Plane

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5
Q

What plane passes lengthwise through the body dividing it into left and right halves?

A

Midsagittal Plane

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6
Q

What minor plane passes through the body or specimen at an angle?

A

Oblique Plane

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7
Q

What term of direction means in front of or toward the front surface?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

What term of direction means in back of or toward the back surface?

A

Posterior

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9
Q

What term of direction means at the backside of the human body?

A

Dorsal

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10
Q

What term of direction means at the belly side of the human body?

A

Ventral

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11
Q

What term of direction means toward the head or above?

A

Superior

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12
Q

What term of direction means toward the feet?

A

Inferior

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13
Q

What term of direction means at the rear or tail end?

A

Caudal

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14
Q

What term of direction means at the head end?

A

Cranial

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15
Q

What term of direction means toward the midline of the body?

A

Medial

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16
Q

What term of direction means away from the midline of the body?

A

Lateral

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17
Q

What term of direction means on the inside, underneath another structure, or deeper within the body?

A

Deep

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18
Q

What term of direction means on the outside or closer to the surface?

A

Superficial

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19
Q

What term of direction means closest to the point of attachment or point of origin or a central point?

A

Proximal

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20
Q

What term of direction means farthest from the point of attachment or point of origin or a central point?

A

Distal

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21
Q

What is the basic structural and function unit of life?

A

The cell

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22
Q

What two German scientists are associated with cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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23
Q

During what period did these two men propose cell theory?

A

Mid-1800’s (1839)

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24
Q

What are the three generalizations of cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the smallest unit having all the properties of life.
  3. All cells arise from previously existing cells.
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25
From what two languages are the majority of anatomical terms derived?
Greek & Latin
26
Anatomical Position
1. Body Upright 2. Feet parallel & flat on the floor 3. Head level & eyes forward 4. Arms at the sides with the palms forward
27
What type of movement is the lateral carrying away of a body part from the midline?
Abduction
28
What type of movement is the medial movement of a body part toward the midline?
Adduction
29
What type of movement brings about a decrease in the angle of a joint?
Flexion
30
What type of movement brings about an increase in the angle of a joint?
Extension
31
What type of movement increases the angle of a joint beyond anatomical range?
Hyperextension
32
What type of movement occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally?
Lateral Flexion
33
What type of movement is a sequence of movements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion?
Circumduction
34
What type of movement is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own long axis?
Rotation
35
What type of movement is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own long axis so that the anterior surface moves laterally?
Lateral Rotation
36
What type of movement is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own long axis so that the anterior surface moves medially?
Medial Rotation
37
What type of movement is the inferior movement of a body part?
Depression
38
What type of movement is the superior movement of a body part?
Elevation
39
What type of movement occurs when the dorsum of the foot or hand moves so that the angle between it and the limb decreases?
Dorsiflexion
40
What type of movement occurs when the ankle joint moves to point the toes inferiorly?
Plantar Flexion
41
What type of movement occurs when the intertarsal joints are moved to turn the sole of the foot medially?
Inversion
42
What type of movement occurs when the intertarsal joints are moved to face the sole of the foot laterally?
Eversion
43
What type of movement occurs so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly?
Pronation
44
What type of movement occurs so that the palm of the hand is directed anteriorly or superiorly?
Supination
45
What type of movement occurs when a body part moves anteriorly in a horizontal plane?
Protraction
46
What type of movement occurs when a body part moves posteriorly in a horizontal plane?
Retraction
47
What movement occurs when the thumb moves toward the palmar tips of the fingers?
Opposition
48
What movement occurs when the thumb moves away from the palmar tips of the fingers?
Reposition
49
What are the four primary tissue types?
1. Epithelial Tissue (epithelium) 2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle 4. Nervous Tissue (neural tissue)
50
What Primary tissue type acts as a covering or lining?
Epithelial Tissue
51
What two factors are used to classify membranous epithelia?
1. Layering or stratification 2. Shape of apical cells
52
What are the three classifications of epithelium based on cell layers?
1. Simple Epithelium 2. Stratified Epithelium 3. Pseudostratified
53
Simple Epithelium
One Layer
54
Stratified Epithelium
Two or more layers
55
Pseudostratified
One layer that has the appearance of many
56
What are the classifications of epithelium based on shape?
1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar 4. Transitional
57
Squamous
Flat
58
Cuboidal
Cube-Shaped
59
Columnar
Taller than wide (column-shaped)
60
Transitional
Change shape
61
What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
62
What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
63
What type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall, narrow cells?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
64
What unicellular glands occur within it (the epithelium)?
Goblet Cells
65
What type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers with the apical layer being flat?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
66
What is the function of stratified tissue?
Protection of underlying tissues
67
What two general types of stratified squamous occur?
1. Nonkeratinized 2. Keratinized
68
What type of epithelium is typically composed of two layers with the apical layer being cube-shaped cells?
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
69
What type of epithelium is composed of two or more layers of cells with the apical layer made of cells taller than they are wide?
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
70
What type of epithelium appears to be layered but is not?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
71
What type of epithelium may be stretched?
Transitional Epithelium
72
Tissue that supports other tissues both physically and physiologically and also protects and binds other tissues.
Connective Tissue
73
Main functions of connective tissue
Physical Protection Support & Structural Framework Binding of Structures Storage Transport Immune Protection
74
Loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.
Mesenchyme
75
Fluid Connective Tissue Example
Blood
75
Connective Tissue Classifications (3)
1. Connective Tissue Proper 2. Supporting Connective Tissue 3. Fluid Connective Tissue
76
Components of Blood (4)
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells) 3. Platelets 4. Plasma
77
Cartilage Classifications (3)
1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic
78
Bone Classifications
1. Compact 2. Spongy
79
Supporting Connective Tissue Examples (2)
Cartilage & Bone
80
Connective Tissue Proper Classifications (2)
Loose Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue
81
Loose Connective Tissue Classifications (3)
1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular
82
Dense Connective Tissue Classifications (3)
1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic
83
What type of loose connective tissue surrounds nerves, blood vessels, and individual muscle cells?
Areolar Connective Tissue
84
What term implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy?
Section

Anatomy (9 decks)

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