Unit 4 Flashcards
Extremities (245 cards)
1
Q
What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum?
A
Head
2
Q
What depression in the proximal portion of the femur accommodated the attachment of a ligament?
A
Fovea capitis femoris
3
Q
What is the constricted, proximal portion of the femur?
A
Neck
4
Q
What is the long, central portion of the femur?
A
Shaft (diaphysis)
5
Q
What is the proximolateral projection of the femur palpable on the lateral side of the hip?
A
Greater trochanter
6
Q
What is the femoral projection on the proximal posteromedial surface?
A
Lesser trochanter
7
Q
What is the thick, oblique ridge of bone on the proximal, posterior side of the femur between the trochanters?
A
Intertrochanteric crest
8
Q
What feature runs between the trochanters anteriorly?
A
Intertrochanteric line
9
Q
Onto what feature of the femur does the pectineus insert? This feature lies between the lesser trochanter and the linea aspera.
A
Pectineal line
10
Q
Onto what feature of the femur does the gluteus Maximus insert
A
Gluteal tuberosity
11
Q
What is the elevated ridge on the posterior midline of the femur?
A
Linea Aspera
12
Q
What features of the femur border the popliteal surface medially and laterally?
A
Medial and lateral supracondylar lines
13
Q
What feature of the femur is the site of attachment for the adductor magnus?
A
Adductor tubercle
14
Q
What parts of the femur articulate with the tibia?
A
Medial and lateral condyles
15
Q
What prominent bony structures lie on the medial and lateral sides of the femur distally?
A
Medial and lateral epicondyles
16
Q
What part of the femur articulates with the patella?
A
Patellar surface
17
Q
What is the broad, superior portion of the patella?
A
Base
18
Q
What part of the patella points inferiorly?
A
Apex
19
Q
What parts of the tibia articulate with the femur?
A
Medial and lateral condyles
19
Q
From lateral to medial list the two bones of the leg
A
Fibula and tibia
20
Q
What ridge of bone lies on the midline of the tibia’s superior surface?
A
Intercondylar eminence
21
Q
What part of the tibia articulates with the fibula?
A
Fibular articular surface (facet)
22
Q
Onto what feature of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach?
A
Tibial tuberosity
23
Q
What ridge of bone lies on the anterior of the tibia’s shaft?
A
Anterior crest
24
What is the hammer-like structure of the tibia that forms the prominence on the medial side of the ankle?
Medial malleolus
25
What feature of the tibia forms the inferior tibiofibular joint?
Fibular notch
26
What feature on the posterior aspect of the tibia runs distally from lateral to medial and is part of the origin for the soleus muscle?
The soleal line
27
What is the proximal end of the fibula?
Head
28
What is the distal end of the fibula?
Lateral malleolus
29
What is the collective term for the short bones of the ankle?
Tarsals
30
Which of the tarsals articulates with the tibia?
Talus
31
Which of the tarsals forms the proximal row?
Talus
Calcaneus
32
What is the heel bone?
Calcaneus
33
Which of the tarsal bone is considered the intermediate bone?
Navicular
34
Which of the tarsals is distal to the talus on the medial side of the foot?
Navicular
35
From medial to lateral list the tarsals of the distal row
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
36
What are the long bones in the middle of the foot?
Metatarsal bones
37
What are the bones of the toes?
Phalanges
38
What are the two bones in the great toe?
Proximal and distal phalanges
39
What are the three bones in digits 2-5 of the foot?
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
40
List the three arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
41
Which arch of the foot is formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, and 1st metatarsal?
Medial arch
42
Which arch of the foot is formed by the calcaneus and the cuboid and metatarsals IV and V?
Lateral longitudinal arch
43
Which arch of the foot is formed by the distal row of tarsals and the bases of all five metatarsals?
Transverse arch
44
What ligament originates along the acetabulum and attaches to the fovea capitis femoris?
Ligamentum Teres
"Ligament of the head of the femur"
45
What two articulations make up the knee?
Tibiofemoral joint
Patellofemoral joint
46
What structure joins the quadriceps femoris to the patella?
Quadriceps Tendon
47
What structure joints the patella to the tibia?
Patellar ligament
48
What ligament connects the femur and the fibula and prevents hyperadduction?
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
49
What ligament connects the femur and the tibia and prevents hyperabduction?
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
50
What two C-shaped pads of fibrocartilage lie between the femoral and tibia condyles?
Medial Meniscus
Lateral Meniscus
51
Which of the menisci within the knee is attached to a collateral ligament?
Medial Meniscus
52
What two ligaments within the knee cross to form a "X" or cross?
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
53
Which of the cruciate ligaments tightens on extension to prevent hyperflexion?
Anterior cruciate ligament
54
Which of the cruciate ligaments tightens on flexion to prevent hyperextension?
Posterior cruciate ligament
55
Close-packed position:
Any joint that is placed in a position where the bones are in maximal contact with each other
56
What three bones are involved in the ankle joint?
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
57
What ligament binds the tibia to the foot on the medial side and prevents overeversion?
Deltoid ligament
58
What ligaments bind the fibula to the foot and prevent inversion?
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular
59
What group of joints within the foot allows inversion and eversion?
Intertarsal joints
60
What joints within the foot lie between the tarsals and metatarsals?
Tarsometatarsal Joints
61
What joints within the foot lie between the metatarsals and phalanges?
Metatarsophalangeal joints
62
What joints within the foot lie between the phalanges?
Interphalangeal joint(s)
-Proximal, distal for digits 2-5
63
List the four compartments of the thigh
Anterior
Lateral
Posterior
Medial
64
What structure forms the compartments of the thigh?
Fascia lata- the deep fascia
65
List all of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint
Tensor fasciae latae
66
What is the collective name of the group of four extensors of the knee in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Quadriceps Femoris
67
What is the common insertion of the group of four extensors of the knee in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon
68
What is the common action of the group of four extensors of the knee in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Extension of the knee
69
Of the four extensors in the anterior compartment of the thigh, which crosses the hip joint and is a flexor of the hip?
Rectus Femoris
70
List all of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint
Sartorius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis
71
List all of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint
Gracilis
72
LIst all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh that cross the knee joint
Biceps Femoris- Long & Short Head
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
73
What is an anatomical term for the muscles of the leg?
Crural Muscles
74
How many compartments lie within the leg?
Three
75
List the compartments that lie within the leg
Anterior
Lateral
Posterior
76
The bifurcations of the abdominal aorta themselves bifurcate into what two arteries?
Internal Iliac Arteries
External Iliac Arteries
77
What blood vessel is the main arterial supply supply of the lower extremity?
External Iliac Artery
78
What structure marks the superior border of the femoral artery?
Inguinal Ligament
79
What are the borders of the femoral triangle
Inguinal Ligament
Sartorius
Adductor Longus
80
What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle?
Iliopsoas & Pectineus
81
What artery supplies the hip joint and the posterior structures of the thigh?
Deep Femoral Artery
82
What is the inferior border of the femoral artery?
The hiatus of the adductor magnus
83
What major artery lies posterior to the knee?
Popliteal Artery
84
The popliteal artery bifurcates into what two arteries?
Anterior & posterior tibial arteries
85
What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
Anterior tibial artery
86
What artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Posterior tibial artery
87
What artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibular Artery
88
Of the three arteries supplying the compartments of the leg, which can be palpated for a pulse? Where can it be palpated?
Posterior tibial artery
– Posterior to the medial malleolus
89
What artery can be palpated on the dorsum of the foot just lateral to the first metatarsal?
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
90
What superficial vein originates on the medial side of the ankle and extends from there along the medial surface of the lower extremity to the femoral triangle where it drains into the femoral vein?
Great Saphenous Vein
91
What superficial vein extends from the lateral ankle to the popliteal region where it drains into the popliteal vein?
Small Saphenous Vein
92
The anterior tibial vein and the posterior tibial vein converge to form what vein?
Popliteal Vein
93
What is the proximal border of the popliteal vein?
The hiatus of the adductor magnus
94
What vein extends from the hiatus of the adductor magnus to the inguinal ligament?
Femoral Vein
95
What vein extends from the inguinal ligament to the merger of this vein with the internal iliac vein?
External iliac vein
96
What vein is formed by the convergence of the external and internal iliac vein
Common Iliac Vein
97
The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?
L1-L4
98
What is the main nerve of the posterior division of the lumbar plexus?
Femoral Nerve
99
What is the motor innervation of the femoral nerve?
Anterior thigh muscles
100
What is the cutaneous innervation of the femoral nerve?
Anterior and inferomedial thigh
Medial aspect of the leg
101
What is the main nerve of the anterior division of the lumbar plexus?
Obturator nerve
102
What is the motor innervation of the obturator nerve?
Medial thigh muscles
103
What is the cutaneous innervation of the obturator nerve?
Superomedial skin of the thigh
104
What other regions of the body do small branches of the lumbar plexus innervate?
* Abdominal wall
* The scrotum and the labia
* Interior portions of the abdominal muscles
105
The anterior rami of what spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
106
Nerves emerging from the sacral plexus innervate what portions of the body?
* Gluteal region
* Pelvis
* Perineum
* Posterior thigh
* Almost all of the leg and foot
107
What are the two main divisions of the sacral plexus?
Anterior
Posterior
108
Nerves of the sacral plexus arising from the anterior division tend to innervate what muscles?
Muscles that flex (or plantar flex) parts of the lower limb
109
Nerves of the sacral plexus arising from the posterior division tend to innervate what muscles?
Muscles that extends (or dorsiflex) part of the lower limb
110
What is the largest and longest nerve in the body?
Sciatic Nerve
111
What nerve is formed from the anterior divisions of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial Nerve
112
What division of what nerve innervates the hamstrings?
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve
113
Within the leg what nerve innervates the plantar flexors of the foot and the flexors of the toes?
Tibial Nerve
114
What is the cutaneous innervation of the tibial nerve?
Plantar surface of the foot
115
What nerve is formed from the posterior division of the sciatic nerve?
Common fibular nerve
116
What division of what nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris
Common fibular division of the sciatic nerve
117
What are the two main divisions of the common fibular nerve?
Deep fibular nerve
Superficial fibular nerve
118
What is the motor innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
Anterior leg muscles
Muscles of the dorsum of the foot
119
What is the cutaneous innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
Skin between the first and second toes on the dorsum of the foot
120
What is the motor innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
Muscles of the lateral compartment
121
What is the cutaneous innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
Anteroinferior part of the leg
Most of the dorsum of the foot
122
What two bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle
Scapula
123
What is the medial end of the clavicle?
Sternal End
124
What is the lateral end of the clavicle?
Acromial End
125
What is the vernacular for "scapula"?
Shoulder Blade
126
What is the ridge of bone on the posterior side of the scapula?
Spine of the scapula
127
What bony prominence of the scapula can be palpated on the lateral side?
Acromion
128
What is the overall shape of the scapula?
Triangular
129
The scapula is a flat bone. What are its three edges?
Superior border
Medial border
Lateral border
130
What are the three meeting points of the edges of the scapula?
Superior angle
Inferior angle
Lateral angle
131
With what part of the scapula does the humerus articulate?
Glenoid cavity
132
What bony process lies superior to the scapula’s articulation with the humerus and serves as the origin for the long head of the biceps brachii?
Supraglenoid tubercle
133
What bony process lies inferior to the scapula’s articulation with the humerus and serves as the origin for the long head of the triceps brachii?
Infraglenoid Tubercle
134
What is the broad, relatively smooth anterior depression of the scapula?
Subscapular Fossa
135
What is the depression superior to the spine of the scapula?
Supraspinous Fossa
136
What is the depression inferior to the spine of the scapula?
Infraspinous Fossa
137
What is the anterior process that has the form of a crow's beak on the scapula?
Corcacoid Process
138
What is the only bone of the brachium?
Humerus
139
What part of the humerus articulates with the scapula?
Head
140
What bony prominence of the humerus lies proximally and laterally?
Greater Tubercle
141
What bony prominence of the humerus lies proximally and anteriorly?
Lesser Tubercle
142
Through what feature of the humerus does the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii run?
Intertubercular Groove
143
What feature of the humerus is the location of the epiphyseal plate or line?
Anatomical Neck
144
What feature of the humerus lies in the proximal region where the bone begins to narrow?
Surgical Neck
145
What are two terms for the long, central region of the scapula or any other long bone?
Shaft of diaphysis
146
What rough promincence lies on the lateral side of the middle portion of the humerus?
Deltoid tuberosity
147
What are distal, easily palpated bony projections on the humerus?
Epicondyles
148
What feature of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?
Capitulum
149
What feature of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
Trochlea
150
What is the distal, lateral depression on the anterior side of the humerus?
Radial Fossa
151
What is the distal, medial depression on the anterior side of the humerus?
Coronoid Fossa
152
What is the distal depression on the posterior side of the humerus?
Olecranon Fossa
153
What are the prominent, rough distal, lateral and medial margins of the humerus proximal to the epicondyles?
Supracondylar Ridges
154
From lateral to medial, what are the two bones of the forearm?
Radius (lateral)
Ulna (medial)
155
What is the relation of the radius and ulna in the anatomical position?
Parallel
156
Which of the two bones of the forearm moves during pronation?
Crossed (the radius rotates around the ulna)
157
What portion of the radius articulates with the humerus?
Head
158
What narrow region of the radius lies just distal to the articulation with the humerus?
Neck
159
On what prominence of the radius does the biceps brachii insert?
Radial Tuberosity
160
What bony projection of the radius can be palpated on the distal, lateral side of the forearm?
Styloid Process
161
What distal feature of the radius articulates with the ulna?
Ulnar Notch
162
What feature of the ulna articulates with the humerus?
Trochlear Notch
163
What prominent projection of the ulna forms the posterior "bump" of the elbow?
Olecranon
164
What promincence of the ulna forms the inferior lip of the trochlear notch?
Coronoid Process
165
What feature of the ulna forms a part of the proximal radioulnar joint?
Radial Notch
166
What feature of the ulna appears as a bump on the distal, medial side of the forearm?
Head
167
What feature of the ulna can be palpated on the distal, medial side of the forearm?
Styloid Process
168
What sheet of dense regular connective tissue lies between the radius and ulna?
Interosseus Membrane
169
What is the collective name of the eight small bones of the wrist?
Carpals
170
From lateral to medial, what bones form the proximal row of carpals?
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
171
From lateral to medial, what bones form the distal row of carpals?
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
172
What long bones support the palm of the hand?
Metacarpals
173
How are bones in the palm of the hand numbered?
From lateral to medial 1-5
174
What are the bones in the digits?
Phalanges
175
How many bones are in the thumb?
2
176
What bone in the thumb articulates with the first metacarpal?
Proximal Phalanx
177
What bone in the thumb lies within the segment of that digit with the nail?
Distal Phalanx
178
Digits II through V each have three
bones. How are they designated?
* Proximal phalanx
* Middle phalanx
* Distal phalanx
179
What it the difference between the digits and the phalanges?
* Digits are fingers and toes (skeletal elements and soft tissue)
* Phalanges are the skeletal elements.
180
What saddle joint is the only articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular Joint
181
What is the name of the articulation between the clavicle and the scapula?
Acromioclavicular joint
182
What is the most unstable joint of the body?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
183
What three joints occur at what is commonly called the elbow?
* Humeroulnar joint
* Humeroradial joint
* Proximal radioulnar joint
184
Which of the two bones of the forearm is involved in the articulation with the carpals?
Radius
185
Of the eight carpals, which are involved in the articulation with the forearm?
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
186
What articulations occur between the carpals?
Intercarpal Articulations
187
What joints lie between the carpals and metacarpals?
Carpometacarpal joints
188
What joints lie between the metacarpals and the phalanges?
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
189
What joints lie between the proximal phalanx and the middle phalanx of digits 2-5?
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints
190
What joints lie between the middle phalanx and the distal phalanx of digits 2-5?
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints
191
What joint lies between the phalanges of the first digit?
Interphalangeal Joint
192
What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
193
What is the main function of the rotator cuff?
To hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during movements of the shoulder joint.
194
What seperates the limbs into compartments?
Deep fascia
195
What two compartments occir in the brachium?
Anterior (flexor) compartment
Posterior (extensor) compartment
196
What is another name for the flexor retinaculum of the wrist?
Carpal ligament
197
The flexor retinaculum of the wrist and the arch of the carpals form what structure?
Carpal Tunnel
198
What group of muscles forms the thick, fleshy mass at the base of the thumb and work to abduct, flex, or oppose the thumb?
Thenar Group
199
What group of muscles forms the small fleshy mass at the base of the fifth digit of the hand and work to abduct, flex, and oppose the 5th digit?
Hypothenar Group
200
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the first branch of the aortic arch?
Brachiocepahlic Trunk
201
The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates into what two arteries?
Right Common Carotid Artery
Right Subclavian Artery
202
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the second branch of the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
203
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the third branch of the aortic arch?
Left Subclavian Artery
204
What region of the body do the
subclavian arteries supply?
* Upper extremity
* Some thoracic structures
* The brain via the vertebral arteries
205
What artery is the main arterial supply of the upper extremity?
Subclavian Artery
206
What is the lateral border of the subclavian artery?
The lateral border of the first rib
207
What artery extends from the lateral border of the first rib to the inferior border of the teres major?
Axillary Artery
208
What arteries form an anastomosis around the surgical neck of the humerus?
Humeral circumflex arteries
209
What artery extends from the inferior border of the teres major to its bifurcation in the cubital fossa?
Brachial Artery
210
What artery supplies the triceps brachii and other posterior structures of the brachium?
Deep brachial artery
211
What are the two main arteries of
the forearm?
Ulnar & Radial Arteries
212
What artery of the forearm is readily palpated for a pulse?
Radial Artery
213
What are the two anastomoses that lie within the palm and supply the hand?
Superficial and deep palmar arches
214
What are the two groups of veins in the upper extremity?
Superficial and deep
215
What superficial network of veins lies on the dorsum of the hand?
Dorsal venous arch
216
What superficial vein runs adjacent to the medial surface of the upper extremity?
Basilic Vein
217
What superficial vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb?
Cephalic Vein
218
The cephalic vein drains into what vein?
Axillary Vein
219
What vein joins the cephalic and basilic veins in the cubital fossa?
Median cubital vein
220
What network of deep veins drains the hand?
Palmar venous arches
221
What deep veins run parallel to the main arteries of the forearm?
Radial and ulnar veins
222
THe deep veins of the forearm (radial & ulnar) converge to form what vein?
Brachial vein
223
What deep vein is formed by the convergence of the brachial and basilic veins?
Axillary vein
224
What vein has the lateral border of the first rib as its lateral border?
Subclavian vein
225
The external jugular vein drains into what vein?
Subclavian vein
226
Veins that drain the head, neck, and upper limbs merge to form what vessels?
left and right brachiocepahlic veins
227
The convergence of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein forms what vein?
Brachiocephalic vein
228
The convergence of the brachiocephalic veins forms what vein?
Superior Vena Cava
229
List the regions of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves associated with each region.
* Cervical region: C1-C8
* Thoracic region: T1-T12
* Lumbar region: L1-L5
* Sacral region: S1-S5
* Coccygeal region: Co
230
What is a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves?
Nerve Plexuses
231
The brachial plexus arises from what spinal nerves?
C5-T1
232
Where is the brachial plexus located?
Lateral neck & Axilla
233
What regions of the body does the brachial plexus innervate?
Pectoral girdle and upper extremity
234
List the five nerves that innervate the upper extremity
* Axillary nerve
* Median nerve
* Musculocutaneous nerve
* Radial nerve
* Ulnar nerve
235
What is the motor innervation of the axillary nerve?
Deltoid
Teres Minor
236
What is the cutaneous innervation of the axillary nerve?
Superolateral portion of the arm
237
What is the motor innervation of the median nerve?
* Anterior forearm muscles
* Thenar muscles
* Two lateral lumbricals
238
What is the cutaneous innervation of the median nerve?
Palmar side of the lateral 3 1/2 fingers and the lateral one-half of the ring finger and from the dorsal tips of the same fingers
239
What is the motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Anterior arm muscles
240
What is the cutaneous innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Lateral surface of the forearm
241
What is the motor innervation of the radial nerve?
* Posterior arm muscles
* Posterior forearm muscles
242
What is the cutaneous innervation of the radial nerve?
Posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of the hand
243
What is the motor innervation of the ulnar nerve?
* Some of the anterior
forearm muscles
* Intrinsic muscles of the hand (hypothenar muscles,
palmar and dorsal interossei, and the medial two lumbricals
244
What is the cutaneous innervation of the ulnar nerve?
Dorsal and palmar aspects of the medial 1 1/2 fingers
