Unit 5 Flashcards
(386 cards)
1
Q
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?
A
Axial Skeleton (80)
Appendicular Skeleton (126)
2
Q
What are the two main divisions of the skull?
A
Cranium
Face
3
Q
What cavity within the cranium holds the brain?
A
Cranial Cavity
4
Q
What bones make up the cranial cavity?
A
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
5
Q
What is a synonym for “skullcap”?
A
Calvaria
6
Q
What bone forms part of the calvaria, the forehead, and the roof of the orbits?
A
Frontal Bone
7
Q
What part of the skull do the parietal bones form?
A
Lateral walls and roof
8
Q
What part of the skull do the temporal bones form?
A
Inferior lateral walls
Part of the floor of the cranium
9
Q
What bone forms the posterior portion of the skull and the base of the cranium?
A
Occipital Bone
10
Q
What bone of the skull has a butterfly-shape and unites the cranial and facial bones?
A
Sphenoid bone
11
Q
What bone of the skull lies between the orbits and forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium?
A
Ethmoid bone
12
Q
What are sutures?
A
Fibrous articulations between bones of the skull
13
Q
What articulation between three of these bones occurs anteriorly in a frontal plane?
A
Coronal Suture
14
Q
What articulation can be seen running along the midline in this view?
A
Saggital Suture
15
Q
What suture lies between the parietal bone and temporal bone on each side?
A
Squamosal Suture
16
Q
What suture appears on the posterior aspect of the skull between the parietal and occipital bones?
A
Lambdoidal suture
17
Q
What bones occasionally appear within the sutures of the skull?
A
Sutural Bones
18
Q
What cavities hold the eyeballs?
A
Orbits
19
Q
What two large openings lie within these cavities?
A
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
20
Q
Within what cavity of the skull does air (usually) pass through on its way to the lungs?
A
Nasal Septum
21
Q
What structure divides it into right and left halves?
A
Nasal Septum
22
Q
What scroll-shaped bones are visible on the inferior lateral walls of this cavity?
A
Nasal Conchae (turbinate bones)
23
Q
What is a synonym for the brow ridges?
A
Superciliary Arches
24
Q
What cavities lie within the frontal bone?
A
Frontal Sinus
25
What part of the temporal bone holds the middle and inner ear?
Petrous Region
26
What opening occurs here for blood vessels and nerves?
Internal acoustic meatus
27
What is the posterior region of the temporal bone?
Mastoid Region
28
What prominence in this region that lies posterior to the ear, serves as the insertion for the sternocleidomastoid, and contains air cells?
Mastoid Process
29
What region of the temporal bone surrounds the bony, external opening of the ear?
Tympanic Region
30
What thin point of bone here serves as an attachment for several hyoid and tongue muscles?
Styloid Process
31
What opening does the facial nerve pass through on the inferior surface of the skull?
Stylomastoid foramen
32
What opening does the internal carotid artery pass through here?
Carotid Canal
33
What region of the temporal bone forms the superior, lateral, flat area of the bone?
Squamous Region
34
What bony process projects anteriorly from the temporal bone toward the zygomatic bone?
Zygomatic Process
35
What shallow depression appears on the inferior aspect of the temporal bone and forms the
articulation with the mandible?
Mandibular Fossa
36
What is the opening for the ear?
External auditory (acoustic) canal (meatus)
37
What is the flat, posterior region of the occipital bone?
Squamous Part
38
What region of the occipital bone forms the base of the cranium?
Basilar Region
39
What is the large, circular opening for the spinal cord?
Foramen Magnum
40
What are the smooth, rounded projections on the left and right sides of this large opening?
Occipital condyles
41
What is the opening for cranial nerve XII?
Hypoglossal Canal
42
What bony prominence can be easily palpated on the midline of the occipital bone?
External Occipital Protuberance
43
What bony prominence can be found on the internal aspect of the posterior occipital bone?
Internal Occipital Protuberance
44
What superior, horizontal line projects laterally from the external occipital protuberance?
Superior nuchal line
45
What is the thick, medial part of the sphenoid?
Body
46
What cavities lie within the sphenoid?
Sphenoidal Sinuses
47
What projections of the sphenoid lie superior to the superior orbital fissure?
Lesser wings
48
What projections of the sphenoid lie inferior to the superior orbital fissure and can be seen in a lateral view of the skull?
Greater wings
49
Within the sphenoid what is the depression holding the pituitary gland?
Hypophyseal or pituitary fossa
50
What is the bony enclosure of this depression?
Sella turcica
51
Through what opening of the sphenoid does the optic nerve pass?
Optic foramen (canal)
52
What three foramina penetrate the greater wings of the sphenoid?
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
53
What projections of the sphenoid provide attachment surfaces for some muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate?
Medial and lateral pterygoid plates
54
What is the superior, midsagittal elevation of the ethmoid?
Crista Galli
55
What horizontal structure of the ethmoid separates the cranial and nasal cavities?
Cribriform plate
56
Through what opening do the olfactory nerves pass?
Cribriform foramina
57
What are these cavities? (1, 73)
Ethmoidal Sinuses
58
What parts of the ethmoid hold the cavities?
Lateral masses
59
What part of the ethmoid forms the medial wall of the orbits?
Orbital plate
60
What scroll-like extensions of the ethmoid project medially into the nasal cavity?
Superior and middle nasal conchae
61
List the three cranial fossae
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
62
What is a synonym for the zygomatic bones?
Cheekbones
63
What bony projections of the zygomatic bones contribute to the zygomatic arches?
Temporal processes
64
What other two processes articulate the zygomatic bone with surrounding bones?
Maxillary process
Frontal process
65
Where bone forms the anterior, medial orbital wall?
Lacrimal bones
66
What depression in the lacrimal bone holds the lacrimal sac?
Kacrimal groove (fossa)
67
What is the tube that transports tears from the eye into the nasal cavity?
Nasolacrimal duct
68
What bony enclosure surrounding the nasolacrimal duct?
Nasolacrimal canal
69
What bones of the face form the bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones
70
What facial bone articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum?
Vomer
71
What is the scroll-shaped bone of the inferior, lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Inferior nasal concha
72
List the three nasal conchae found on each side of the nasal cavity
Superior
Middle
Inferior
73
What is a synonym for the nasal conchae?
Turbinate bones
74
What L-shaped bones of the face form the posterior third of the hard palate, the posterior, lateral portion of the nasal cavity, and a portion of the orbit?
Palatine Bones
75
What portion of the palatines forms the posterior third of the hard palette?
Horizontal plate
76
What part of the palatine forms the posterior, lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Perpendicular plate
77
What part of the palatine forms a small part of the floor of the orbit?
Orbital process
78
What bone holds the upper teeth and forms the anterior two thirds of the hard palate and the floor of the orbit?
Maxilla
79
What part of the maxilla forms the floor of the orbit?
Orbital surface
80
What opening within the maxilla do the infraorbital artery and nerve pass through?
Infraorbital foramen
81
What part of the maxilla holds the upper teeth?
Alveolar process
82
What part of the maxilla forms the anterior two thirds of the hard palette?
Palatine process
83
What large cavity lies within this bones? (1, 101)
Maxillary Sinus
84
What is the only bone of the lower jaw?
Mandible
85
What is the horizontal portion of the mandible?
Body
86
What are the ascending, posterior regions of the mandible?
Rami
87
What part of the mandible hold the lower teeth?
Alveolar process
88
What are the two corners of the mandible?
Angle of the mandible
89
What opening lies on the anterolateral surface of the body of the mandible?
Mental Foramen
90
What opening within the mandible lies on the posterior, medial side?
Mandibular Foramen
91
What process of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone?
Condylar (condyloid) process
92
What is the smooth, round portion of this process?
Mandibular condyle
93
What is the joint between the mandible and the temporal bone?
Temporomandibular joint
94
What is the prominent projection of the mandible does the temporalis insert on?
Coronoid process
95
What feature appears between the condylar and coronoid processes?
Mandibular notch
96
What bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid-cribriform plate
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
97
What bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?
Maxilla- palatine process
Palatine- horizontal plate
98
What bones form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
ethmoid bones
maxillae
inferior nasal conchae
palatine bones
lacrimal bones
99
List the groups of paranasal sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
100
List the bones that form the orbit
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid
Palatine
Sphenoid
101
What is the anatomical term for the softspots in a baby's skull?
Fontanels
102
What is their (fontanelles) function?
Facilitates birth
Allows for growth
103
List the four different fontanels
Anterior fontanel
Posterior fontanel
Sphenoid (anterolateral) fontanel
Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanel
104
What fontanel is found on the anterior portion of the midline on the superior aspect of the skull?
Anterior fontanel
105
What fontanel is found on the posterior portion of the midline on the superior aspect of the skull?
Posterior fontanel
106
What fontanel is found on the anterior, lateral aspect of the skull?
Sphenoid (anterolateral) fontanel
107
What fontanel is found on the posterior, lateral aspect of the skull?
Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanel
108
Frontalis
Located on top of the frontal bone, this muscle will elevate the eyebrow
109
Identify the sphincter muscle originating medially on the bones of the orbit and inserting on the tissue of the eyelids. It permits blinking, winking, and squinting.
Orbicularis Oculi
110
Identify the muscle located in the ocular region, but not attached to the eyeball.
Origin: under surface of the small wing of the sphenoid.
Insertion: on the eyelid
Action: Raises eyelid.
Levator palpebrae superioris
111
Identify the thin, small muscles that
originate on the zygomatic bone and insert into the facial node. What is their action?
Zygomaticus Major
Zygomaticus Minor
112
Identify the thin, small muscle that pulls the facial node laterally
Risorius
113
Identify the small muscle located on the inferolateral aspect of the mouth, and pulls the facial node inferiorly.
Depressor anguli oris
114
Identify the complicated, multilayered muscle with most of its fibers originating from the facial node. Its fibers insert in skin, mucosa of the lips, and muscles around the orifice of the oral cavity. It closes the lips and aids in pursing the lips as in kissing.
Orbicularis Oris
115
Origin: Pectoralis major fascia
Insertion: Lower boarder of mandible
Action: Draws the corners of the mouth downward and may assist in opening the mouth.
This is a very thin sheet-like muscle
Platysma
116
Identify:
Origin — Temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia.
Insertion — Coronoid process of the mandible.
Action — Elevates the mandible.
Temporalis
117
Identify:
Origin — Zygomatic arch.
Insertion — Lateral ramus of the mandible.
Action — Elevates and protracts mandible.
Masseter
118
Identify:
Origin - Deep head: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone.
Superficial head: Tuberosity of maxilla.
Insertion - Medial ramus of mandible.
Action - Elevates and protracts mandible.
Moves mandible medially.
Medial Pterygoid Muscle
119
Identify:
Origin - Superior head: Infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone.
Inferior head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate.
Insertion - Superior head: Articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint.
Inferior head: Anterior side of mandibular condyloid process.
Action - Protracts mandible.
Lateral pterygoid muscle
120
Identify:
Origin - Anterior belly: Digastric fossa of the mandible.
Posterior belly: Mastoid groove of the temporal bone.
Insertion - Hyoid bone.
Action - Depresses mandible. Elevates hyoid.
Diagastric
121
Identify:
Origin - Sternal head: Ventral surface of the manubrium. Clavicular head: Cranial surface of
medial third of clavicle.
Insertion -Lateral surface of mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
Action - Turns head to side; flexes neck and head.
Sternocleidomastoid
122
Identify:
Origin - Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae.
Insertion - First and second ribs
Action - Flexes neck laterally. Elevates rib cage.
Scalenes
123
What is the anatomical term for the mouth
Oral cavity
124
What type of tissue lines the oral cavity?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
125
What muscle lies within the cheek?
Buccinator
126
What are the anterior terminations of the cheeks?
Lips
127
What is the anatomical term for the gums?
Gingivae
128
What thin folds of mucosa on the midline attach the lips to the gums?
Labial Frenulum
129
What forms the roof of the mouth?
Palate
130
What are the two portion of the palate?
Hard palate
Soft palate
131
What bones form the hard palate?
Maxilla
Palatine
132
What is the conical, median projection of the soft palate?
Uvula
133
What accessory organ of the digestive system lies on the floor of the oral cavity and is composed largely of skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium?
Tongue
134
What thin, vertical mucous membrane attaches the floor of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?
Lingual frenulum
135
How many pairs of multicellular salivary glands are there?
3
136
What salivary glands are located anterior and inferior to the ear and partially cover the masseter?
Parotid salivary glands
137
What structure drains the largest salivary glands?
Parotid duct
138
Where does the parotid gland enter the oral cavity?
The second upper molar
139
What salivary glands lie inferior to the body of the mandible?
Submandibular salivary glands
140
What structure drains the salivary glands lying inferior to the body of the mandible?
Submandibular ducts
141
Where to the ducts of the submandibular glands enter the oral cavity?
On the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum
142
What salivary glands are named for their position inferior to the tongue?
Sublingual Salivary Glands
143
The esophagus lies immediately anterior to what structures?
Vertebral Bodies
144
What are the external nares?
Nostrils
145
What structure is the nasal cavity continuous with posteriorly?
Pharynx
146
What are the openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx?
Internal nares
147
What is the region of the nasal cavity near the nostrils?
Vestibule
148
What is the funnel-shaped region that connects the nasal cavity and oral cavity to the larynx and the esophagus?
Pharynx
149
What region of the pharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
150
What type of tissue lines the nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
151
How is the middle ear cavity related to the nasopharynx?
The auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx
152
What lymphatic structure lies within the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
153
What region of the pharynx lies between the soft palate and the level of the hyoid bone?
Oropharynx
154
What lymphatic structure lie within the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
155
What structures are surgically excised during a tonsillectomy?
Palatine Tonsils
156
What region of the pharynx lies between the level of the hyoid bone and the superior border of the esophagus or the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?
Laryngopharynx
157
What type of tissue lines the laryngopharynx?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
158
What part of a tooth is exposed and covered with enamel?
Crown
159
What part of a tooth lies within the gums?
Neck
160
What part of a tooth lies within the bone of the jaw?
Root
161
What are the sockets that hold the roots of the teeth?
Dental Alveoli
162
What material covers the crown of a tooth?
Enamel
163
What forms the primary mass of a tooth?
Dentin
164
What is the space lies within the center of a tooth?
Pulp cavity
165
What fills the space within a tooth?
Pulp
166
What passage within a tooth opens into the connective tissue surrounding root and is continuous with the pulp cavity?
Root Canal
167
What is the opening between the root canal of a tooth and the surrounding connective tissue?
Apical Foramen
168
What set of teeth erupt between 6 months and 30 months after birth and are eventually lost?
Deciduous teeth
169
What set of teeth begin appearing at about six years of age and remain through the lifetime of the individual?
Permanent teeth
170
How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
171
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
172
What chisel-shaped teeth have only one root?
Incisors
173
What teeth have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing?
Canine teeth
174
What teeth have flat crowns with prominent ridges and may have one or two roots?
Premolars
175
What teeth are the thickest, have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps, and three or more roots?
Molars
176
What are the functions of the larynx?
*Prevents swallowed material from entering the lower respiratory tract
*Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract
*Produces sound
177
What component of the larynx forms the anterior and lateral walls and the anterior projection known as the laryngeal prominence or “Adam’s apple” in males?
Thyroid Cartilage
178
What ring-shaped structure of the larynx forms the inferior base of this organ and connects it to the trachea?
Cricoid Cartilage
179
What band of dense connective tissue lies between cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and can be palpated?
Cricothyroid Ligament
180
What spoon- or leaf-shaped structure of the larynx folds over the laryngeal opening during
swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
181
What is the anatomical term for the vocal cords and the opening between them?
Glottis
182
What structures keep the trachea patent?
C-shaped tracheal cartilages
183
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the first branch of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk
184
The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates into what two arteries?
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
185
Following the flow of blood from the heart what is the second branch of the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
186
What region of the body do the common carotid arteries supply?
Head and neck
187
The common carotid arteries bifurcate into what arteries?
External carotid arteries
Internal carotid arteries
188
The external carotid artery terminates by dividing into what two arteries?
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
189
What branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the eyes?
Ophthalmic artery
190
The internal carotid artery ends by bifurcating into what two arteries?
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
191
What arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and travel through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, enter the skull through the foramen magnum and merge to form the basilar artery?
Vertebral arteries
192
After passing through the foramen magnum the vertebral arteries converge to form what artery?
Basilar artery
193
The Basilar artery ends by splitting into what arteries?
Posterior Cerebral arteries
194
What anastomosis of arteries lies around the sella turcica?
Cerebral arterial circle
(Circle of Willis)
195
The internal carotid artery ends by
bifurcating into what two arteries that extend from the cerebral arterial circle?
*Anterior cerebral artery
Lies within the longitudinal
fissure
*Middle cerebral artery
Lies within the lateral sulcus
196
What small artery connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries?
Anterior communicating artery
197
What small arteries connect the posterior cerebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries?
Posterior communicating arteries
198
What structures collect venous blood within the cranial cavity and are formed by the two layers of the dura mater?
Dural Venous Sinuses
199
What deep vein draining the cranial cavity begins at the jugular foramen of the skull?
*Internal jugular vein
It runs with the
common carotid
artery and the vagus
nerve within the
carotid sheath as it
travels through the
neck
200
What vein draining the head can often be seen superficial to the
sternocleidomastoid?
External Jugular Vein
201
What veins drain the cranial cavity and extend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
Vertebral Veins
202
The external jugular vein drains into what vein?
Subclavian Vein
203
Veins that drain the head, neck, and upper limbs merge to form what vessels?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins
204
What part of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
205
What is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons and dendrites?
A nerve
206
What is a functional connection for the transmission of impulses from a neuron to a second cell?
Synapse
207
What type of tissue within the CNS houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons?
Gray matter
208
What type of tissue within the CNS houses myelinated axons?
White matter
209
What is the superficial sheet of gray matter covering most of the adult brain?
Cerebral cortex
210
Within the interior of the brain what are clusters of gray matter?
Cerebral Nuclei
211
Collectively what are the three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, and contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
Meninges
212
Surrounding the CNS, what is the external, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layers?
Dura mater
213
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
214
What spaces are formed when the two layers of the dura mater separate?
Dural venous sinuses
215
What potential space lies between the dura and the cranium?
Epidural space
216
What potential space lies between the dura and the arachnoid?
Subdural space
217
Which meninx is deep to and in contact with the dura?
Arachnoid (mater or membrane)
218
What real space lies just deep to the arachnoid?
Subarachnoid space
219
What meninx is the deepest and, unlike the others, follows the contours of the brain?
Pia mater
220
Collectively what are the four extensions of the dura mater that extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity to provide additional
stabilization and support for the brain?
Cranial Dural Septa
221
What are the cavities within the brain?
Ventricles
222
What is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
223
List the functions of cerebrospinal fluid
Buoyancy
Protection
Environmental Stability
224
Within the ventricles of the brain what structures form CSF?
Choroid Plexuses
225
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
Regulates what substances enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
226
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
*Conscious thought processes
*Origin of all complex intellectual functions
227
What is the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum?
Cerebral Cortex
228
What are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?
Gyri
229
What are the shallow depressions on the surface of the cerebrum?
Sulci
230
What are the deep grooves on the cerebrum?
Fissures
231
What are the two halves of the cerebrum?
Cerebral hemispheres
232
What deep groove separates the two halves of the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure
233
What large tract of white matter connects the two halves of the cerebrum and is the main method of communication between them?
Corpus Callosum
234
How many lobes lie within cerebral hemisphere?
5
235
What is the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?
Frontal
236
What are the anatomical borders of the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
237
What important anatomical feature of the frontal lobe lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus?
Precentral Gyrus
238
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
239
The motor speech area is located within what region of the brain?
Inferolateral portion of the left frontal lobe (Brocca's area)
240
What is the function of the motor speech area?
Regulating patterns of breathing and controlling the muscular movements necessary for vocalization
241
List the primary functions of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
* Voluntary motor functions
* Concentration
* Verbal communication
* Decision making
* Planning
* Personality
242
What lobe of the cerebrum forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere?
Parietal lobe
243
What important anatomical feature lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus?
Postcentral gyrus
244
What lobe of the cerebrum deals with general sensory functions such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched
Parietal
245
Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?
Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes
246
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Receiving information on touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
247
What lobe of the cerebrum lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?
Temporal lobe
248
What are the functions of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?
*Hearing
*Interpreting speech and language
*Smell
249
Where does the primary auditory cortex occur?
Temporal lobe
250
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Receive and process auditory information
251
Where does the olfactory cortex occur?
Temporal lobe
252
What is the function of the olfactory cortex?
Provide conscious awareness of smell
253
What lobe of the cerebrum forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?
Occipital lobe
254
Where does the primary visual cortex occur?
Occipital lobe
255
What are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?
*Visual Processing
*Visual Memories
256
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Receive and process visual information
257
What small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere lies deep to the lateral sulcus?
Insula
258
What are the apparent functions of the small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere that lies deep to the lateral sulcus?
*Memory
*Interpretation of taste
259
Where does the gustatory cortex occur?
Insula
260
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
Processing of taste information
261
What are the bundles of myelinated axons that lie deep to the cerebral cortex?
Tracts
262
What are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle?
Cerebral Nuclei
263
What part of the brain is composed of the epithalamus, right and left thalami, and the hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
264
What structure partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalons and covers the third ventricle?
Epithalamus
265
What are the paired structures on either side of the third ventricle?
Thalamus
266
What are the functions of the thalamus?
* To act as the principal and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed and projected to the primary sensory cortex.
* To filter sensory information so that only a small portion of it goes to the cerebrum.
* To inform the cerebrum as to where sensory information is coming from.
267
What part of the brain lies inferior to the thalamus?
Hypothalamus
268
What structure attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
269
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
* Master control of the ANS
* Master control of the endocrine system
* Regulation of body temperature
* Control of emotional behavior
* Control of food intake
* Control of water intake
* Regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms
270
What three regions form the brainstem?
*Midbrain
*Pons
*Medulla Oblongata
271
What is a synonym for mesencephalon?
Midbrain
272
Within the midbrain what are the motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces?
Cerebral Peduncles
273
Within the midbrain what is the "body of four twins"
Corpora quadrigemina
274
What are the "visual reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Superior colliculi
275
What are the "auditory reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Inferior Colliculi
276
What is the bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem?
Pons
277
What is the most inferior part of the brainstem?
Medulla oblongata
278
What is the second largest part of the brain?
Cerebellum
279
What are the right and left halves of the cerebellum?
Cerebellar hemispheres
280
What wormlike structure of the cerebellum lies between the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
281
What is the function of the cerebellum?
* Coordinates and “fine-tunes” skeletal muscle movement
* Maintains equilibrium and posture (These neurons are particularly susceptible to
alcohol)
282
What thick tracts connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Cerebellar Peduncles
283
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that extend from the brain
284
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
285
What is the name and number of the first cranial nerve?
I Olfactory
286
What is the function of the first cranial nerve?
Sensory Function: Olfaction
287
What openings in the skull transmit the first cranial nerve?
Foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
288
What is the name and number of the second cranial nerve?
II Optic
289
What is the function of the second cranial nerve?
Sensory Function: Vision
290
What opening in the skull transmits the second cranial nerve?
Optic foramen
291
What is the name and number of the third cranial nerve?
III Oculomotor
292
What is the function of the third cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Supplies four extrinsic eye muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique), which move the eyeball, and the levator palpebrae superioris, which elevates the upper eyelid
Parasympathetic motor: Innervates sphincter pupillae (pupil constrictor) muscle in eye to make pupil constrict; contracts ciliary muscles to make lens of eye more puffy (thicker, as needed for vision)
293
What opening in the skull transmits the third cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
294
What is the name and number of the fourth cranial nerve
IV Trochlear
295
What is the function of the fourth cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Supplies one extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) to move the eyeball inferiorly and laterally.
296
What opening in the skull transmits the fourth cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
297
What is the name and number of the fifth cranial nerve?
V Trigeminal
298
What are the three branches of the fifth cranial nerve?
Ophthalmic branch (V1)
Maxillary branch (V2)
Mandibular branch (V3)
299
What are the functions of the fifth cranial nerve?
Sensory function:
– The ophthalmic branch conducts sensory impulses from the cornea, nose, forehead and anterior scalp.
– The maxillary branch conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate, gums, and cheek.
– The mandibular branch conducts sensory impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, skin of the chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, and one-third of the sensory fibers
of the auricle of the ear. Somatic motor function: Innervates muscles of mastication and other muscles of the lower facial region.
300
What openings in the skull transmit the fifth cranial nerve?
Ophthalmic branch —
superior orbital fissure
Maxillary branch —
foramen rotundum
Mandibular branch —
foramen ovale
301
What is the name and number of the sixth cranial nerve?
VI Abducens
302
What is the function of the sixth cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Innervates one extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus) for abduction of the eyeball.
303
What opening in the skull transmits the sixth cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
304
What is the name and number if the seventh cranial nerve?
VII Facial
305
What are the functions of the seventh cranial nerve?
Sensory function: Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Somatic motor function: Innervates the muscles of facial expression and other muscles of the facial region.
Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates the lacrimal gland and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
306
What opening in the skull transmit the seventh cranial nerve?
Internal auditory canal and stylomastoid foramen
307
What is the name and number of the eighth cranial nerve?
VIII Vestibulocochlear
308
What are the functions of the eighth cranial nerve?
Sensory function: Conducts impulses of hearing and equilibrium from the inner ear.
309
What opening in the skull transmits the eighth cranial nerve?
Internal Acoustic Meatus
310
What is the name and number of the ninth cranial nerve?
IX Glossopharyngeal
311
What are the functions of the ninth cranial nerve?
Sensory function: General sensation and taste from the posterior third of the tongue. Conducts sensory information on blood pressure and blood chemistry from the carotid sinuses.
Somatic motor function: Innervates a pharyngeal muscle.
Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates the parotid salivary gland.
312
What opening in the skull transmits the ninth cranial nerve?
Jugular foramen
313
What is the name and number of the tenth cranial nerve?
X Vagus
314
What are the functions of the tenth cranial nerve?
* Sensory function: Innervates the pharynx, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal viscera, as well as the external auditory canal, eardrum, and pharynx.
* Somatic motor function: Innervates most pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles.
* Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates myocardium and the smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
315
What opening in the skull transmits the tenth cranial nerve?
Jugular Foramen
316
What is the name and number of the eleventh cranial nerve?
XI Accessory
317
What are the functions of the eleventh cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Cranial root – Travels with CN X fibers to the pharynx. Spinal root —
Innervates the trapezius and
sternocleidomastoid.
318
What opening in the skull transmits the eleventh cranial nerve?
Jugular Foramen
319
What is the name and number of the twelfth cranial nerve?
XII Hypoglossal
320
What are the functions of the twelfth cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: Innervates
intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.
321
What opening in the skull transmits the twelfth cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal canal
322
List four factors that are necessary for us to perceive a sensation
* Stimulus
* Receptor
* Conduction of nerve impulse
* Interpretation of the impulse
323
What are structures that detect stimuli?
Receptors
324
Based on the origin of the stimulus, what type of receptor detect?
Exteroceptor
325
Based on the origin of the stimulus, what type of receptor detects stimuli from the internal environment?
interoceptor
326
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor detects specific molecules?
Chemoreceptor
327
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptor
328
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to light?
Photoreceptor
329
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to touch, pressure, vibration, or stretch?
Mechanoreceptor
330
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to changes in pressure within body structures?
Baroreceptor
331
Based on the modality of the stimulus, what type of receptor responds to pain?
Nociceptor
332
What is gustation?
The sense of taste
333
What are gustatory receptors?
Taste Buds
334
What cranial nerves carry impulses from taste buds?
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
335
What cranial nerve carries impulses from olfactory receptors?
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
336
What layer of specialized stratified squamous epithelium forms a continuous lining of both the external, anterior surface of the eye and the internal surface of the eyelid?
Conjunctiva
337
What are the slightly curved rows of thick, short hairs at the superior edges of the orbits along the orbital ridges?
Eyebrows
338
What structures extend from the margins of the eyelids and prevent large foreign objects from coming into contact with the anterior surface of the eye?
Eyelashes
339
What is the fibrous core of the eyelids?
Tarsal Plate
340
What are the sebaceous glands within the eyelids?
Tarsal glands
341
What are the small, reddish bodies at the medial commissure of each eye?
Lacrimal caruncle
342
What glands lie within the lacrimal caruncle?
Ciliary glands
343
What structures produce tears?
Lacrimal glands
344
What openings drain tears from the eye into the nose?
Lacrimal puncta
345
What structure drains tears from the lacrimal puncta?
Lacrimal Canaliculus
346
What is the external layer of the eyeball?
Fibrous tunic
347
What is the avascular, transparent, anterior portion of the fibrous tunic of the eye?
Cornea
348
What is the white of the eye?
Sclera
349
What is the middle layer of the eye wall?
Vascular tunic
350
What region of the vascular tunic is posterior and is the most extensive and houses a vast network of capillaries to supply the retina?
Choroid
351
What portion of the vascular tunic of the eye is a muscular ring that works to focus images on the retina?
Ciliary Body
352
What portion of the vascular tunic of the eye is the most anterior and is what we commonly refer to
when we speak of the color of the eye?
Iris
353
What is the opening within the iris?
Pupil
354
What layer of the eye contains photoreceptors?
Neural tunic or retina
355
What posterior portion of the eye do neurons extend through and form a round structure frequently
referred to as the blind spot?
Optic disc
356
What rounded, yellowish region has a concentration of cones and lies lateral to the optic disc?
Macula Lutea
357
What is the area of sharpest vision on the retina?
Fovea Centralis
358
What is the strong, deformable transparent structure of the eye that focuses images on the retina?
Lens
359
What dense, elastic structure bounds the lens of the eye?
Lens Capsule
360
What structures attach to the lens capsule at its periphery where they transmit tension to change the shape of the lens?
Suspensory Ligaments
361
What structure of the eye changes the shape of the lens?
Ciliary Muscle
362
The lens divides the interior of the eye into two spaces. What are these?
Anterior and posterior cavities
363
The iris divides the anterior cavity of the eye into two spaces. What are they?
Anterior and posterior chambers
364
What fluid lies between the lens and the cornea of the eye?
Aqueous Humor
365
What structure forms aqueous humor?
Epithelium of the ciliary body
366
What structure reabsorbs the aqueous humor?
Scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm)
367
What gelatinous matter fills the posterior cavity of the eye?
Vitreous Humor
368
What are the three anatomic regions of the ear?
External (outer) ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
369
What is the skin-covered, elastic cartilage supported projecting portion of the external ear?
Auricle or pinna
370
What is the bony tube within the skull that carries sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?
External acoustic meatus
371
What is the structure made of soft tissue and cartilage lining the external auditory meatus?
External auditory canal
372
What is the delicate, funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle
ear?
Tympanic Membrane
373
What glands lie within the external auditory canal?
Ceruminous glands
374
What space lies within the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity
375
What portion of the middle ear cavity communicates with the air cells within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone?
Epitympanic Recess
376
What structure communicates the middle ear cavity with the atmosphere and thus allow the pressure of the middle ear cavity to equal that of the atmosphere and the outer ear?
Auditory (Eustachian) tube
377
The auditory tube connects the middle ear cavity with what other
anatomical structure?
Nasopharynx
378
Collectively what are the three small bones of the middle ear called?
Auditory ossicles
379
What small bone is attached to the deep surface of the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
380
Which of the three ear ossicles lies between the other two?
Incus
381
What small bone is attached to the oval window?
Stapes
382
What are the bony spaces or cavities of the inner ear?
Bony labyrinth
383
What are the fluid-filled tubes of the inner ear?
Membranous Labyrinth
384
What portion of the inner ear lies between the cochlea and the semicircular canals?
Vestibule
385
What are the three half-circle-shaped structures of the inner ear?
Semicircular canals
386
What is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear?
Cochlea
