Unit 3

Question 1

Discovered the law of effect

Answer 1

Thorndike

Question 2

The law of effect stated

Answer 2

Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions

Question 3

Experimental analysis of bx

Answer 3

B. F. Skinner

Question 4

Discovered many principles of operant conditioning.

Answer 4

B. F. Skinner

Question 5

Radical behaviorism

Answer 5

B. F. Skinner

Question 6

Verbal behavior

Answer 6

B. F. Skinner

Question 7

Private events

Answer 7

B. F. Skinner

Question 8

Wrote behavior of organisms

Answer 8

B. F. Skinner

Question 9

Wrote walden two

Answer 9

B. F. Skinner

Question 10

It is a descriptive term and NOT an explanation

Answer 10

Reinforcement

Question 11

Contingency btw the response and the consequence must exist

Answer 11

Reinforcement

Question 12

Environmental change that must happen immediately after the response

Answer 12

Reinforcement

Question 13

Environmental change which follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that behavior

Answer 13

Punishment

Question 14

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added or magnified following a response, which increases or maintains the future occurrence of that behavior

Answer 14

Positive reinforcement

Question 15

A stimulus that when presented following a response increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior. Includes tangibles, attention, and activities

Answer 15

Positive reinforcer

Question 16

What is reinforcing at one time for an organism may not be reinforcing at other times (depends on establishing/motivating operations

Answer 16

Reinforcer shift

Question 17

The value of a reinforcer depends on __________ ________ that are available for the same behavior and for competing behaviors

Answer 17

Competing reinforcers

Question 18

The reinforcer may effectively reinforce one response and not reinforce a different response. The amount of ______ involved in responding is often a determining factor.

Answer 18

Effort

Question 19

If the opportunity to engage in a preferred or high probability behavior is made contingent on engaging in a less preferred bx, the future frequency of the less preferred bx will increase.

Answer 19

Premack principle

Question 20

A stimulus that is usually reinforcing without any prior learning, due to phylogenic provenance
Primary reinforcers – ie food water sex

Answer 20

Unconditioned reinforcer

S^R+ or S^R-

Question 21

A-B-C
S-R-S
S-R-C

Answer 21

operant conditioning

Question 22

acts on the environment and results from movements of the skeletal frame (striated muscles)

Answer 22

operant behavior

Question 23

stimulus or event that occurs after a response

Answer 23

consequence

Question 24

environmental change which follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

Answer 24

reinforcement

Question 25

consequence reinforces responses NOT organisms

Answer 25

reinforcement

Question 26

a stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or strongly conditioned reinforcers

Answer 26

conditioned reinforcer Sr+ or Sr-

Question 27

a conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors

Answer 27

generalized conditioned reinforcers

Question 28

less susceptible to the effects of deprivation and satiation. EX: praise, money, tokens

Answer 28

generalized conditioned reinforcers

Question 29

an environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (removed/attenuated following a response, which increases or maintains future frequency of that behavior An irritant/aversive antecedent condition must exist!!

Answer 29

Negative Reinforcement

Question 30

a bx that terminates an aversive stimulus; thus it is maintained by negative reinforcement

Answer 30

escape

Question 31

terminates or delays a warning stimulus (a conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlate with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus)

Answer 31

avoidance

Question 32

attn, edibles given by someone else, tangibles given by someone else, given access to a preferred activity

Answer 32

socially-mediated positive reinforcement

Question 33

escape from task, having to comply with request, setting, people

Answer 33

socially-mediated negative reinforcement

Question 34

self access to edibles, tangibles, access to preferred activity, proprioceptive feedback

Answer 34

automatic positive reinforcement

Question 35

escape from pain/discomfort, escape from task, having to comply with request, setting, people

Answer 35

automatic negative reinforcement

Question 36

the process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement

Answer 36

operant extinction

Question 37

an environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that bx

Answer 37

positive punishment

Question 38

a stimulus that when presented following a response decreases the future frequency of that behavior

Answer 38

positive punisher

Question 39

a stimulus that usually is punishing without any prior learning; that is, due to phylogenic provenance

Answer 39

unconditioned punisher

Question 40

a stimulus that initially has no punishing properties, but acquires them through pairing with unconditioned punishers; that is due to ontongenic provenance

Answer 40

Conditioned punisher

Question 41

an environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior (appetitive condition whose removal would be punishing has to exist)

Answer 41

negative punishment

Question 42

a type of negative punishment procedure in which a response starts a timer; while the time is running; the organism cannot access reinforcers

Answer 42

time-out form positive reinforcement

Question 43

the process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment

Answer 43

recovery from punishment

Question 44

consists of two operations: reinforcement and extinction (not reinforcing)

Answer 44

differential reinforcement

Question 45

reinforce some responses and not reinforcing and other responses. leads to differentiation.

Answer 45

differential reinforcement

Question 46

consists of reinforcing a response when certain stimuli are present and not reinforcing the the same response wen those stimuli are not present

Answer 46

discrimination

Question 47

S-R-S contingency that leads to differentiation (different stimuli)

Answer 47

discrimination

Question 48

the differential reinforcement of successive approximation to a target behavior

Answer 48

shaping

Question 49

leads to differentiation and is used to establish a novel topography or dimension fo a behavior

Answer 49

shaping

Question 50

when a behavior is no longer reinforced, it will immediately and temporarily increase in frequency, duration, and intensity before it decreases

Answer 50

extinction burst

Question 51

the reinforcer is withheld (not presented)

Answer 51

extinction of behavior maintained through positive reinforcement

Question 52

the aversive antecedent stimulus is NOT withdrawn (not terminated or removed)

Answer 52

extinction of behavior maintained through negative reinforcement

Question 53

masking the sensory consequences of the bx (padding the table for head banging)

Answer 53

sensory extinction

Question 54

the procedure of non-reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

Answer 54

extinction

Question 55

the process in which, when an operant behavior has ceased following extinction, the behavior may reoccur at a later time in the same circumstance in which it was previously reinforced

Answer 55

spontaneous recovery

Question 56

reinforcement works without any need for verbal-mediation

Answer 56

automaticity of reinforcement

Question 57

we cannot refer to hypothetical constructs such as expectancy, understanding, knowing, and awareness

Answer 57

automaticity or reinforcement

Question 58

an environmental change that follows a response which decreases the future frequency of that bx

Answer 58

punishment