Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Unit 3 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

parasitism

A

where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

commensalism

A

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

microbial competition

A

Populations of microorganisms inhabiting a common environment compete for nutrients and other resources of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

contamination

A

Contamination is the presence of a constituent, impurity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

infection

A

The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

disease

A

the existence of pathology and an infectious disease is a disease caused by a microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

etiology

A

the cause or causes of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pathogenesis

A

the process by which an infection leads to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

An infection caused by an organism that does not normally cause disease. Opportunistic infections occur in people with weakened immune systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Entrance

A

portal of entry: sneezing, coughing, urine, blood, bites, lesions. Entrance of pathogen does not mean disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ID50

A

dictates if infection and disease will occur, 50: the dose of infection organism required to produce infection in 50% of subjects (infectious dose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Adherence

A

bacteria use adhesions (virulence factor) sticks/attaches to something
Cranberry juice blocks adhesions (UTI).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Colonization

A

growth of bacteria on the surface. MOST bacteria invade TISSUE NOT CELLS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

phagocyte

A

eats bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

blocking phagocytosis

A

to remove pathogens and debris through ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MOST BACTERIA

A

INVASION OF TISSUE DOES NOT EQUAL INVASION OF CELLS (intracellular pathogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disease vs infection

A

Infection is entrance of pathogen and multiplcation
Disease is damage to host and symptoms, a result of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pathogenicity

A

the capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a host while virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by the microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Invasion of tissue by reals of exoenzymes

A

substances that help bacteria penetrate into tissues:
coagulase
kinases
hyaluronidase: hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, holds cels together (allows bacteria to go through basement membrane)
collagenase: hydrolyzes collages in connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

invasion of cells

A

invasions rearrange the host cell cytoskeleton to cradle bacterium into cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

toxin production

A

enzymes - toxigenicity, many are enzymes exotoxins: soluble proteins secreted into host tissues, most lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cytotoxins

A

hemolysis - lyse a-hemolysin, beta-hemolysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

neurotoxins

A

act on nervous tissue, prevents retraction (botulism) or relaxation (tetanus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

enterotoxins

A

act on enteric tissue - cell membranes leak/rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

endotoxin

A

Lipid A - LPS
gram - cell walls
weak compared to exotoxin
released wen organisms die
effects:
fever
inflammation
tissue destruction
respiratory distress
capillary damage
hypotension
shock
diarrhea (in intestines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

exit

A

pathogen is shed and possible enters another host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

endotoxin - hemolysis

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

exotoxins vs endotoxins

A

secreted proteins act locally
vs
membrane compounds cause inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do viruses cause disease

A
  1. entrance
  2. adherence: attach to appropriate receptor
  3. penetration: must get inside cell to survive
    Elicit cytopathic effects (CPE): lyse or kill cells, or transform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How to fungi cause disease

A

growth invading cells, release toxins, allergic reactions

spore enters body -> enzymes attack cells -> they die and fungi ingests them -> grow and invade adjacent cells

33
Q

How to protozoa cause disease

A

invasion of circulatory and lymphatic systems
attach to intestinal wall
nervous tissue
urinary system
accumulation of waste leading to hosts allergic reaction

34
Q

How to helminths cause disease

A

food born
cause damage by physical means: clogging blood, vessels, crossing tissue
extracellular and cause disease by releasing toxic waste leading to allergic reaction

35
Q

Innate immunity

A

born with

36
Q

Innate immunity: Physical manners

A

skin and mucous membranes, secretions, flushing (urethra, eyes, etc.)

37
Q

Innate immunity: Chemical factors

A

antimicrobials
sebum/sweat
lysozyme: in tears and saliva, breaks down peptidoglycan good agains gram +
bile
pH of skin
interferon
complement

38
Q

Innate immunity: Normal macrobiota

A

help to from fatty acids toxic to gram - organisms also make antibiotics that fight pathogens

39
Q

complement

A

Mac attack
liver enzymes
classic specific immune response

40
Q

interferons

A

triggers cell to make protective proteins agains viruses
inhibit spread

41
Q

pathogenesis

A

stops protein synthesis, stops viral transcription

42
Q

virus infects-> turns on _____->cell dies->____migrates to help immunity by going to other cells

A

interferon

43
Q

phagocytes

A

remove debris and pathogens

44
Q

inflammatory response

A

immune response
mast cell triggers increase blood flow, phagocytes, complement, clotting, temperature increased, specifically defenses activated

45
Q

Molecules important to nonspecific resistance

A

phagocytes: lysosomes, phagosomes
extracellular killing
cytokines: histamine (signal)
chemotaxis
inflammation

46
Q

cytolysis

A

Mac attack

47
Q

lysis

A

pops membrane

48
Q

platlets

A

clotting

49
Q

neutrophils

A

blood

50
Q

basophils

A

cytokines

51
Q

macrophages

A

all over

52
Q

Specific resistance of adaptive immunity

A

most is learned

53
Q

humoral immunity

A

b cells
bacterial infections activated
antibodies

54
Q

phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
a cell that completes this is called a phagocyte

55
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

non self cell

56
Q

antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

macrophages

57
Q

cell medicated immunity

A

helper t cells
cytotoxic t cells
memory t cells
suppressor T cells

58
Q

antibody anatomy

A

Fab: antigen binding sites (between prongs)
Fc: constant: B cell binding acting as receptor

59
Q

antibodies: IgG

A

protective antibody that stays in blood

60
Q

every cell has the ability to be a

A

macrophage

61
Q

antibodies: IgM

A

1st antibodies provided and used as markers on B cells

62
Q

IgA

A

found in secretions

63
Q

IgD

A

? marker on B cells

64
Q

IgE

A

allergic response

65
Q

NK (natural killer)

A

attack pathogen
aligns with bad cell
secretes perforin
Mac attack
attacks non-self cells

66
Q

Ab response 1

A

primary immune response, no antibodies, plasma cells release

67
Q

Ab response 2

A

secondary response, memory cells recognize and respond

68
Q

hypersensitivities: type 1

A

allergy, anaphylaxis, localized and systemic
body responses to antigen that normally would ne ignored

69
Q

hypersensitivities: type 2

A

cytotoxic: ex. Rh factor in blood (+ or -) attacking baby with different blood type

70
Q

hypersensitivities: type 3

A

localized reaction not systemic

71
Q

hypersensitivities: type 4

A

cell medicated or delayed hypersensitivity (contact dermatitis)

72
Q

autoimmune dissorders

A

cells of own body attack own cells
ex. lupus, ms, rheumatoid arthritis

73
Q

ways to gain immunity

A

natural acquired active
natural acquired passive
artificial acquired passive
artificial acquired active

74
Q

natural acquired passive immunity

A

fetus to mother antibodies

75
Q

natural acquired active immunity

A

exposure to chicken pox example

76
Q

artificial acquired active immunity

A

vaccines

77
Q

lymphocytes

A

A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses.

78
Q

antigen recognition

A

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system recognizes and destroys, or tries to destroy, substances that contain antigens.

79
Q

inflammation response

A

mast cell ->
1. blood flow increased
2. phagocytes activated
3. capillary permeability increased
4. complement activated
5. clotting reaction walls off region
6. regional temperature increased
7. specific defenses activated

Microbiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions