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Microbiology > Unit 3 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Mutualism

A

symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved

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2
Q

parasitism

A

where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm

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3
Q

commensalism

A

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

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4
Q

microbial competition

A

Populations of microorganisms inhabiting a common environment compete for nutrients and other resources of the environment

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5
Q

contamination

A

Contamination is the presence of a constituent, impurity

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6
Q

infection

A

The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms.

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7
Q

disease

A

the existence of pathology and an infectious disease is a disease caused by a microorganism

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8
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease

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9
Q

etiology

A

the cause or causes of a disease

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10
Q

pathogenesis

A

the process by which an infection leads to disease

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11
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

An infection caused by an organism that does not normally cause disease. Opportunistic infections occur in people with weakened immune systems

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12
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Entrance

A

portal of entry: sneezing, coughing, urine, blood, bites, lesions. Entrance of pathogen does not mean disease

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13
Q

ID50

A

dictates if infection and disease will occur, 50: the dose of infection organism required to produce infection in 50% of subjects (infectious dose)

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14
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Adherence

A

bacteria use adhesions (virulence factor) sticks/attaches to something
Cranberry juice blocks adhesions (UTI).

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15
Q

(How pathogens cause disease) Colonization

A

growth of bacteria on the surface. MOST bacteria invade TISSUE NOT CELLS.

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16
Q

phagocyte

A

eats bacterium

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17
Q

blocking phagocytosis

A

to remove pathogens and debris through ingestion

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18
Q

MOST BACTERIA

A

INVASION OF TISSUE DOES NOT EQUAL INVASION OF CELLS (intracellular pathogen)

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19
Q

Disease vs infection

A

Infection is entrance of pathogen and multiplcation
Disease is damage to host and symptoms, a result of infection

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20
Q

pathogenicity

A

the capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a host while virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by the microbe

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21
Q

Invasion of tissue by reals of exoenzymes

A

substances that help bacteria penetrate into tissues:
coagulase
kinases
hyaluronidase: hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, holds cels together (allows bacteria to go through basement membrane)
collagenase: hydrolyzes collages in connective tissue

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22
Q

invasion of cells

A

invasions rearrange the host cell cytoskeleton to cradle bacterium into cells

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23
Q

toxin production

A

enzymes - toxigenicity, many are enzymes exotoxins: soluble proteins secreted into host tissues, most lethal

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24
Q

cytotoxins

A

hemolysis - lyse a-hemolysin, beta-hemolysin

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25
neurotoxins
act on nervous tissue, prevents retraction (botulism) or relaxation (tetanus)
26
enterotoxins
act on enteric tissue - cell membranes leak/rupture
27
endotoxin
Lipid A - LPS gram - cell walls weak compared to exotoxin released wen organisms die effects: fever inflammation tissue destruction respiratory distress capillary damage hypotension shock diarrhea (in intestines)
28
exit
pathogen is shed and possible enters another host
29
endotoxin - hemolysis
blood
30
exotoxins vs endotoxins
secreted proteins act locally vs membrane compounds cause inflammatory response
31
How do viruses cause disease
1. entrance 2. adherence: attach to appropriate receptor 3. penetration: must get inside cell to survive Elicit cytopathic effects (CPE): lyse or kill cells, or transform
32
How to fungi cause disease
growth invading cells, release toxins, allergic reactions spore enters body -> enzymes attack cells -> they die and fungi ingests them -> grow and invade adjacent cells
33
How to protozoa cause disease
invasion of circulatory and lymphatic systems attach to intestinal wall nervous tissue urinary system accumulation of waste leading to hosts allergic reaction
34
How to helminths cause disease
food born cause damage by physical means: clogging blood, vessels, crossing tissue extracellular and cause disease by releasing toxic waste leading to allergic reaction
35
Innate immunity
born with
36
Innate immunity: Physical manners
skin and mucous membranes, secretions, flushing (urethra, eyes, etc.)
37
Innate immunity: Chemical factors
antimicrobials sebum/sweat lysozyme: in tears and saliva, breaks down peptidoglycan good agains gram + bile pH of skin interferon complement
38
Innate immunity: Normal macrobiota
help to from fatty acids toxic to gram - organisms also make antibiotics that fight pathogens
39
complement
Mac attack liver enzymes classic specific immune response
40
interferons
triggers cell to make protective proteins agains viruses inhibit spread
41
pathogenesis
stops protein synthesis, stops viral transcription
42
virus infects-> turns on _____->cell dies->____migrates to help immunity by going to other cells
interferon
43
phagocytes
remove debris and pathogens
44
inflammatory response
immune response mast cell triggers increase blood flow, phagocytes, complement, clotting, temperature increased, specifically defenses activated
45
Molecules important to nonspecific resistance
phagocytes: lysosomes, phagosomes extracellular killing cytokines: histamine (signal) chemotaxis inflammation
46
cytolysis
Mac attack
47
lysis
pops membrane
48
platlets
clotting
49
neutrophils
blood
50
basophils
cytokines
51
macrophages
all over
52
Specific resistance of adaptive immunity
most is learned
53
humoral immunity
b cells bacterial infections activated antibodies
54
phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. a cell that completes this is called a phagocyte
55
Antigen (Ag)
non self cell
56
antigen presenting cell (APC)
macrophages
57
cell medicated immunity
helper t cells cytotoxic t cells memory t cells suppressor T cells
58
antibody anatomy
Fab: antigen binding sites (between prongs) Fc: constant: B cell binding acting as receptor
59
antibodies: IgG
protective antibody that stays in blood
60
every cell has the ability to be a
macrophage
61
antibodies: IgM
1st antibodies provided and used as markers on B cells
62
IgA
found in secretions
63
IgD
? marker on B cells
64
IgE
allergic response
65
NK (natural killer)
attack pathogen aligns with bad cell secretes perforin Mac attack attacks non-self cells
66
Ab response 1
primary immune response, no antibodies, plasma cells release
67
Ab response 2
secondary response, memory cells recognize and respond
68
hypersensitivities: type 1
allergy, anaphylaxis, localized and systemic body responses to antigen that normally would ne ignored
69
hypersensitivities: type 2
cytotoxic: ex. Rh factor in blood (+ or -) attacking baby with different blood type
70
hypersensitivities: type 3
localized reaction not systemic
71
hypersensitivities: type 4
cell medicated or delayed hypersensitivity (contact dermatitis)
72
autoimmune dissorders
cells of own body attack own cells ex. lupus, ms, rheumatoid arthritis
73
ways to gain immunity
natural acquired active natural acquired passive artificial acquired passive artificial acquired active
74
natural acquired passive immunity
fetus to mother antibodies
75
natural acquired active immunity
exposure to chicken pox example
76
artificial acquired active immunity
vaccines
77
lymphocytes
A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses.
78
antigen recognition
Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system recognizes and destroys, or tries to destroy, substances that contain antigens.
79
inflammation response
mast cell -> 1. blood flow increased 2. phagocytes activated 3. capillary permeability increased 4. complement activated 5. clotting reaction walls off region 6. regional temperature increased 7. specific defenses activated

Microbiology (8 decks)

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