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Microbiology > Unit 4 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 4 Exam Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What did Ehrlich do?

A

German scientist using arsenic for chemotherapy

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2
Q

What did Fleming do?

A

founder of penicillin (chemo - fungus)

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3
Q

chemotherapeutic agents

A

drugs used to treat diseases

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4
Q

antimicrobial agents

A

antibacterial/antibiotic

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5
Q

broad spectrum drug + example

A

used to treat many infections -oflaxacin

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6
Q

narrow spectrum drug + example

A

specific to treat illness - clindamycin

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7
Q

bacteriostatic

A

lowers the levels of bacteria (keeps levels static)

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8
Q

bactericidal

A

kills off bacterial completely

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9
Q

antibiotics need to be

A
  1. nontoxic to the host
  2. able to reach the site of infection
  3. hypoallergenic
  4. effective always, no resistance
  5. not readily metabolized by host
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10
Q

(mode of antibacterial agents) inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

penicillin - stops cell walls by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

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11
Q

(mode of antibacterial agents) disruption of cell membrane function

A

(anti fungal) - polymyxin, bacitracin, neomycin - inhibits ergosterol (like cholesterol in humans) synthesis, causes Mac attack

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12
Q

inhibition of protein synthesis

A

streptomycin - inhibit protein synthesis by replacing tRNA

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13
Q

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

A

quinolones - structurally similar to nucleotides, takes place of nucleotide + stops synthesis

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14
Q

interference with metabolic reactions

A

sulfonamides - competitive inhibition, sulfa drugs - bacteria make folic acid naturally, these drugs blocks the synthesis of folic acid

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15
Q

opportunistic infections lead to

A

superinfections

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16
Q

superinfection

A

an infection occurring on top of or after an earlier infection, especially after broad spectrum antibiotics

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17
Q

E-test

A

determine the minimum inhibition concentration or MIC

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18
Q

Kirby-bauer disk diffusion is used for

A

determining the antibiotic to use

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19
Q

antibiotics that work together

A

synergy

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20
Q

antibiotics that interfere with one another

A

antagonism

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21
Q

side effects of antimicrobials

A

liver/kidney damage, hearing impairment, interactions, allergic responses

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22
Q

long term use of penicillin allows

A

colonization of gut with resistant gram - and fungi such as Candida

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23
Q

antibiotics ____ mutations

A

do not induce

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24
Q

R plasmids can be used to

A

transfer antibiotic resistance

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25
HA
hospital acquired
26
CA
community acquired
27
CA and HA are
nosocomial infections
28
R plasmids
antibiotics do not indict the formation of these plasmids bit Ising antibiotics selects for strains that carry these plasmids
29
(mechanisms of resistance) alteration of target
change the target so the antimicrobial cannot bind
30
(mechanisms of resistance) alteration of proteins
in cell membranes so permeability is altered and does not allow antimicrobial agents
31
(mechanisms of resistance) development of enzymes
can destroy antimicrobial agent
32
(mechanisms of resistance) rapid efflux
pumping the drug out of the cell before it has effect
33
how to throat resistance
1. maintain antibiotic for long enough 2. use 2 antibiotics to counter resistance 3. restrict the use of antibiotics
34
idiopathic
a disease that arises spontaneously with no known cause
35
endemic
a debase regularly occurring within an area/community
36
epidemic
a widespread occurs of an infection disease in a community at a particular time
37
pandemic
a widespread occurs of an infectious disease over a whole country/world at a particular time
38
latent
usual symptoms are not yet manifested
39
sequelae
a contain which is the consequence of a previous disease
40
subclinical infection
associated with no detectable symptoms but vase by microorganisms capable of producing disease
41
Reservoir
of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
42
iatrogenic
caused by medical procedures
43
direct transmission
bitten, rabies, rat bite, syphilis
44
indirect transmission
vehicle: fomite, air, water, food vector: bugs
45
prodromal
between the apparent of initial symptoms and the full development
46
period of convalescence
recovery
47
phases of disease
incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
48
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria pneumonia cloudiness on x-rays, alveoli fill with fluid
49
Coccidioides immitis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
fungi valley fever ongoing cough and rashes airborne non-communicable
50
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria TB chronic - respiratory system multidrugs to treat V.F. tubercle communicable airborne
51
Campylobacter jejuni is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria food poisoning zoo tonic - non communicable food borne from normal flora in uncooked poultry
52
Staphylococcus aureus is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria gram + food poisoning aka staphylococcus intoxication nausea, vomiting, retching, cramping #1 cause of food poisoning non communicable food borne v.f. enterotoxin
53
Salmonella typhimurium is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria salmonella outside of Mellons non communicable food borne ID 50=15 to 20 cells v.f. vesicle
54
Heliobacter pylori is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria H pylori ulcers and bloody stool non communicable increase risk of cancer
55
Giardia lamblia is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
Protozoa giardia clownface communicable food and water borne most common intestinal parasite
56
Staphylococcus aureus is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria MRSA, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo integumentary system affects most parts of the body MRSA -> 50-70% nosocomial infections
57
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria gram - integumentary system v.f. endotoxins 2nd most common nosocomial infection food and water borne through fomites normal flora in humans colonize on medical equipment
58
Streptococcus pyogenes group a, is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria pharyngitis strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, N.F. heat and tonsils heat communicable airborne exit and entry portal the same
59
Streptococcus agalacticae Group B is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria group B strep, bacterimia pneumonia, mengititis swab before brith in pregnancy STD 1% of infections in newborns, 50-70% mortal
59
Treponema pallidum is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria syphilis genital urinary stratum STI STD has primary 2, 3, 4 infections Tertiary infection is systematic and leads to death the great imitator congenital can lead to curved limbs and flat face Affects ALL ORGAN SYSTEMS
60
chlamydia trachomatis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria chlamydia, conjunctivitis genital STI v.f. elementary bodies leading cause of reproductive issues in women
61
Candida albicans is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
fungus yeast infection, athletes foot, oral thrush red rash genital STI
62
Neisseria gonorrhea is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria g- gonorrhea genital blindness in babies, odd odor and discharge from men, itchiness
63
Trichomonas vaginalis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
protozoa genital STI bubbly vaginal discharge 30-50% women in western world are infected infected and diagnostic stage
64
Yersinia pestis is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria nervous bubonic plague, pneumonic plague hemorrhaging and 100% mortal pneumonic spread through vector like rat flea endemic
65
clostridium tetani is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria tetanus nervous cramping non communicable fomite
66
clostridium botulinum is a what? and causes? method of transmission? communicable?
bacteria botulism nervous relaxed food borne adult is intoxicated infant is infected 1g bootie can kill 1 million people
67
naegleria fowleri
Protozoa nervous brain eating bacteria water borne

Microbiology (8 decks)

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