Unit 39 Flashcards
Hollow roots, the qal passive (40 cards)
כ - ו - ן
To establish
נ - ו - ס
To flee, escape
מַר
Bitter
צ - ו - ם
To fast
מ - ו - ת
To kill
What are hollow roots?
Roots that have middle radical (the middle radical is waw or yod)
What stems do hollow roots typically appear in?
Qal, hifil, hofal, nifal
How do hollow roots behave in the qal qatal?
- The 3ms takes the form first radical + qamatz + second radical
- When consonantal suffixes are added the qamatz shortens to patah
- When subject suffixes are added, the stress remains on the first syllable (except in the 2mp/2fp)
- When the 2m/fp subject suffixes are added, the stress shifts to the tonic
How do hollow roots behave in the qal yiqtol?
- The 3ms has two possible patterns (yod + qamatz + first radical + waw w/shureq + second radical OR yod + qamatz + first radical + yod + second radical)
- When vocalic suffixes are added in the 2fs, 3mp, and 2mp the stress remains on the penultimate syllable
- The 2/3fp has the form tav + shewa + first radical + waw w/shureq + second radical + segol + yod + nun + qamatz + hey
How do hollow roots behave in the qal cohortative and imperative?
- Cohortatives are formed as expected
- The ms imperative is formed as expected
- When suffixes are added, the stress remains on the penultimate syllable
- The fp imperative is formed first radical + holem + second radical + shewa + nun + qamatz + hey
How is the hollow root qal jussive formed?
By shortening shurew to holem and hireq-yod to sere
How is the qal wayyiqtol created?
Like the jussive but the shortened vowel is reduced even further and the stress moves back to the preceding syllable
How do hollow roots behave in the qal infinitives?
As expected
How do hollow roots behave in the qal participle?
The ms active is identical to the 3ms qatal form and the fs participle looks almost identical to the 3fs qatal form
How do hollow roots behave in the nifal qatal?
- All roots take the pattern nun + qamatz + first radical + waw w/holem + second radical
- In all suffixed forms except the 2m/fp the stress remains on the penultimate syllable
- When consonantal suffixes are added holem-waw changes to shureq and an additional holem-waw is added after the final radical
How do hollow roots behave in nifal yiqtol/wayyiqtol, volitives, and infinitives?
The 3ms takes the pattern yod + hireq + first radical w/dagesh + waw w/holem + nun and all other forms are based on this model
How do hollow roots behave in the nifal participle?
The 3ms participle is identical to the 3ms qatal form and suffixes are added as expected
How do hollow roots behave in the hifil qatal?
- The 3m form is formed first radical + sere + second radical + hireq + yod + final radical
- When the 3fs and 3cp suffixes are added, the stress remains on the penultimate syllable
- Consonantal suffixes are added to the base hey + patah hatuf OR segol hatuf + first radical + hireq + yod + second radical + waw w/holem
How do hollow roots behave in the hifil yiqtol?
The 3ms form is yod + qamatz + first radical + hireq + yod + mem
How do hollow roots behave in the hifil cohortative and imperative?
Formed as expected
How do hollow roots behave in the hifil jussive and wayyiqtol?
They look identical to the qal jussive and wayyiqtol forms of II-yod roots
How do hollow roots behave in the hifil infinitives?
- The infinitive construct is hey + qamatz + first radical + hireq + yod + second radical
- The absolute is hey + qamatz + first radical + sere + second radical
How do hollow roots behave in the hifil participle?
The ms form is first radical + sere + second radical + hireq + yod + final radical and all other forms are derived from this form
How do hollow roots behave in the hofal?
The 3ms qatal is hey + waw w/ shureq + first radical + patah + second radical
