unit 3c study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells?

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

4 main stages of the cell cycle

A

gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, mitosis

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3
Q

what stages are considered to make up interphase

A

gap 1 synthesis gap 2

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4
Q

which stage of the cell cycle takes the most time

A

gap 1

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5
Q

during which phase of the cell cycle does the cell make a copy of its nuclear DNA

A

synthesis

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6
Q

which phase does the nucleus divide

A

mitosis

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7
Q

what is the term for the division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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8
Q

4 other types of eukaryotes in which the cell cycle occurs

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

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9
Q

what is the term for the division of prokaryotic cells

A

binary fission

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10
Q

which is more complex mitosis or binary fission

A

Mitosis

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11
Q

do all human cells divide at the same rate

A

no

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12
Q

2 types of cells that rarely or never divide

A

Neurons, lymphocytes

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13
Q

why do cells have a minimum size
why do cells have a maximum size

A

Min- must be big enough to contain all of the necessary organelles and molecules.

Max- cannot get to large materials need to be transported easily have have plenty of surface area for gas exchange

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14
Q

what are chromatids

A

Each chromosome is made of two identical sets of DNA called chromatids

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15
Q

what joins sister chromatids together

A

centromere

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16
Q

were are telomeres located

A

ends of chromosomes

17
Q

what is the purpose of telomeres

A

they prevent the ends of the chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other

18
Q

how many cells are produced by one mitotic division

A

two identical

19
Q

in what type of cells does mitosis occur

A

eukaryotic

20
Q

4 main phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

21
Q

what occurs during prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes , this nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

22
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and line up in the middle of the cell

23
Q

anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate from each other, the spindle fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids away from each other and toward opposite sides of the cell.

24
Q

telophase

A

A complete set of identical chromosome is positioned at the pole of each cell. The nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fiber fall apart

25
difference in cytokinesis animal cell vs plant cell
a: pinches off p: a cell plate forms down the middle this cell plate becomes part of the cell wall
26
2 general types of factors that help regulate cell cycles
external/internal
27
what is the role of growth factors
Broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division/ bind to receptors that activate specific genes to trigger cell growth
28
apoptosis
Programmed cell death/ occurs when internal or external signals active genes that help to produce self destructive enzymes
29
what is the term for a class of disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division
cancer
30
benign tumor and malignant tumor
benign: cancer cells typically remain clustered together/ relatively harmless can be cured by removing them Malignant: Allow some cancer cells to break away, or metastasize from the tumor
31
3 negative impacts a tumor may cause
spread cancer, takes up lots of space causing a lot of pressure on surrounding organs, allow cells to metastasize from the tumor
32
what is a mutation
an error in the gene
33
role of oncogenes
accelerates the cell cycle
34
causes of cancer
carcinogens
35
what is a carcinogen
substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer
36
a cancer that's caused by a virus
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
37
radiation chemo
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