unit 4

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Question 2

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 2

In classical conditioning
Stimulus that implicitly triggers a response. (before any conditioning happens)

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS) is defined as any stimulus that can naturally and automatically trigger a response

Question 4

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 4

A learned response to a CS. (after conditioning occurs)

Question 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

The NS turns into the CS. The CS is what one would learn and, in turn, respond. (after conditioning occurs)

Question 6

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

Stimulus that elicits no response (before any conditioning happens)

Question 7

Acquisition

Answer 7

When the NS and US are linked together so that the NS triggers the CR. Through acquisition, the NS becomes the CS.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

When the CS no longer causes the CR to happen.

Question 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 9

When the CS suddenly begins to trigger the CR. (randomly after extinction)

Question 10

Generalization

Answer 10

Triggering the CR to a stimulus similar to the CS.

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

When the CR only occurs to a specific CS.

Question 12

John B. Watson’s Little Albert Experiment

Answer 12

used the classical conditioning model to condition a baby boy named Albert to have a phobia for white rabbits.

Question 13

Higher-order Conditioning

Answer 13

NS become to new CS

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

when a behavior leads to an environmental response, which affects the likelihood of the behavior happening again.

Question 15

Negative
Reinforcement

Answer 15

Reduce or remove an unpleasant stimulus
Behavior is strengthened

Question 16

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 16

Add or increase a pleasant stimulus
Behavior is strengthened

Question 17

Positive Punishment

Answer 17

Add an unpleasant stimulus
Behavior is weakened

Question 18

Negative Punishment

Answer 18

Reduce or remove pleasant stimulus
Behavior is weakened

Question 19

Fixed Ratio

Question 20

Variable Ratio

Answer 20

Rewarded after an average but unpredictable number of responses

Question 21

ratio schedule

Answer 21

, a certain number of behaviors must be performed before the reinforcement is provided.

Question 22

interval schedule

Answer 22

, it means a certain amount of time must pass by, assuming the behavior is performed before reinforcement is given.

Question 23

Fixed Interval

Answer 23

Rewarded after a set amount of time has elapsed

Question 24

Variable Interval

Answer 24

Rewarded after an average but unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

Question 25

shaping

Answer 25

which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Question 26

Law of Effect.

Answer 26

Thorndike’s principle that found that behaviors that had a favorable outcome became stronger.

Question 27

primary reinforcer

Answer 27

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Question 28

conditioned reinforcer /secondary reinforcer.

Answer 28

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer;

Question 29

coping

Answer 29

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

Question 30

problem-focused coping

Answer 30

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Question 31

emotion-focused coping

Answer 31

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.

Question 32

learned helplessness

Answer 32

feeling of futility resulting from the inability to avoid repeated events (operant conditioning)

Question 33

taste aversion

Answer 33

dislike of certain food due to association with painful stimulus form the past (classical conditioning)

Question 34

superstitious behavior